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Topical cutaneous application of carbon dioxide via a hydrogel for improved fracture repair: results of phase I clinical safety trial

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders volume 20, Article number: 563 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Clinicians have very limited options to improve fracture repair. Therefore, it is critical to develop a new clinically available therapeutic option to assist fracture repair biologically. We previously reported that the topical cutaneous application of carbon dioxide (CO2) via a CO2 absorption-enhancing hydrogel accelerates fracture repair in rats by increasing blood flow and angiogenesis and promoting endochondral ossification. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of CO2 therapy in patients with fractures.

Methods

Patients with fractures of the femur and tibia were prospectively enrolled into this study with ethical approval and informed consent. The CO2 absorption-enhancing hydrogel was applied to the fractured lower limbs of patients, and then 100% CO2 was administered daily into a sealed space for 20 min over 4 weeks postoperatively. Safety was assessed based on vital signs, blood parameters, adverse events, and arterial and expired gas analyses. As the efficacy outcome, blood flow at the level of the fracture site and at a site 5 cm from the fracture in the affected limb was measured using a laser Doppler blood flow meter.

Results

Nineteen patients were subjected to complete analysis. No adverse events were observed. Arterial and expired gas analyses revealed no adverse systemic effects including hypercapnia. The mean ratio of blood flow 20 min after CO2 therapy compared with the pre-treatment level increased by approximately 2-fold in a time-dependent manner.

Conclusions

The findings of the present study revealed that CO2 therapy is safe to apply to human patients and that it can enhance blood flow in the fractured limbs.

Trial registration

This study has been registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (Registration number: UMIN000013641, Date of registration: July 1, 2014).

Peer Review reports

Background

Clinicians have very limited options to biologically improve fracture repair. Although there are a few treatment options such as bone morphogenetic proteins [1,2,3,4,5,6], low-intensity pulsed ultrasound [7,8,9], and a pulsed electromagnetic field [10,11,12], which are used in clinical practice, a search of the existing literature indicated that the effectiveness of these treatments is limited [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. Therefore, it is critical to develop a new clinically available therapeutic option to assist fracture repair biologically.

We previously reported that the topical cutaneous application of carbon dioxide (CO2) by means of a CO2 absorption-enhancing hydrogel accelerates fracture repair in rats by increasing blood flow and angiogenesis and by promoting endochondral ossification [25]. This CO2 therapy induces vasodilation by changing the pH of blood, and it has an immediate effect, increasing the blood flow. In contrast, CO2 therapy induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and increases subsequent angiogenesis. It is thought that this therapy increases vascularity via both of these mechanisms. This CO2 therapy is thus considered a promising clinically available tool that can be used to assist fracture repair. Therefore, based on the efficacy observed in a pre-clinical study, we conducted a clinical trial involving human subjects. We previously applied the CO2 therapy for the treatment of healthy volunteers [26] and found that it caused no adverse events. This study also indicated that CO2 therapy induced an artificial Bohr effect in vivo and facilitated the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin, leading to local oxygenation in the human body. The present study is the first exploratory trial of CO2 therapy involving human patients. The aims of this study were mainly to assess the safety of the technique and to evaluate its efficacy when applied to patients with fractures.

Methods

Study design, ethics approval, and informed consent

This study was a prospective, open-label, single-arm, single-center trial. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (Approved number: 260008) and the study has been registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (Registration number: UMIN000013641, Date of registration: July 1, 2014). Prior to the study, we obtained written informed consent from patients who were eligible.

Inclusion criteria

Patients who fulfilled the following criteria were included in this study: fractures of the lower extremities; either fresh fracture or nonunion; either femur fracture or tibia fracture; within 2 weeks of surgery; aged 15 years and older; provided written informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

Patients with any of the following were excluded: pathological fractures; dermatologic disease in the fractured limb; active infection in the fractured limb; active bleeding postoperatively; use of any techniques to assist fracture repair such as low-intensity pulsed ultrasound.

Sample size

We included 20 patients; however, this was not based on any statistical power calculation, as it was difficult to obtain sufficient relevant information to perform the necessary calculations for a preliminary and exploratory study.

CO2 therapy

The CO2 absorption-enhancing hydrogel26 (NeoChemir, Kobe, Japan) was applied to the skin where we intended to perform trans-cutaneous CO2 absorption, that is, the fractured lower extremity of the patients. A polyethylene bag, which can seal the body surface and retain the gas within, was attached to the limb and sealed, and then 100% CO2 gas was administered into the bag for 20 min. This treatment was applied to the entire limb, that is, the lower extremity from the hip joint to the toes.

CO2 therapy was performed daily for 20 min/day over a 4-week period during hospitalization. We set the treatment period as 4 weeks by considering the duration of hospitalization. The main purpose of this early phase clinical trial was to demonstrate the safety of CO2 therapy in human patients for the first time. We considered that therapy safety assessments would be more favorable when performed during hospitalization than in the outpatient clinic. The criteria adopted for the initiation of CO2 therapy were no active bleeding, no signs of surgical site infection, and stable general condition after surgery for fresh fractures or nonunion of the lower limb.

Vital signs

Blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, and SpO2 were measured before and after each session of CO2 therapy.

Blood examination

Routine blood examination was performed before and after surgery. Clinically significant values were checked by physicians to diagnose any possible systemic side effects of the CO2 therapy.

Arterial gas analysis

Arterial gas analysis was performed immediately before and after CO2 therapy on day 14 after the initiation of treatment. Arterial blood was collected from the femoral artery.

Expired gas analysis

Expired gas analysis was performed before and during CO2 therapy on day 14 after the initiation of treatment using a Cpex-1 ventilatory expired gas analysis system (NIHON MEDIX CO., LTD., Chiba, Japan).

Adverse events

Physicians monitored the patients daily for any adverse events including systemic and local events during the 4-week treatment period and at each outpatient clinic visit following discharge from the hospital.

Measurement of blood flow in the patients’ limbs

Blood flow in the patients’ limbs, both in the fractured limb and the contra–lateral healthy limb, was measured using a laser Doppler blood flow meter (Cyber Med CDF2000; Nexis, Fukuoka, Japan). Blood flow was also measured at the level of the fracture site and at a point 5 cm from the fracture site in both limbs. Blood flow was measured continuously from before the commencement of CO2 therapy to 20 min after the 20-min period of CO2 therapy. These blood flow measurements were obtained on three separate days, specifically the first day of CO2 therapy and on days 14 and 28 after the initiation of CO2 therapy.

Follow-up

After discharge from the hospital, the patients were followed-up routinely in an outpatient clinic. The follow-up period was defined as the time from the first day of CO2 therapy to the most recent outpatient visit.

Radiographic and clinical fracture union assessment

Radiographic and clinical fracture unions were assessed during the routine follow-ups in the outpatient clinic after discharge from the hospital. Completion of bony bridging at three of the four cortices for diaphyseal fractures and disappearance of the fracture line for epiphyseal and metaphyseal fractures were judged as radiographic fracture union. Clinical fracture union was assumed when a patient was able to bear full weight on the affected limb without pain.

Statistics

Each patient was assigned an identification number, and all information was maintained confidential. The investigator filled out the data for each patient in a case report form, which was transferred to a data manager. The dataset compiled after data cleaning by the data manager was transferred to a biostatistician who performed the appropriate statistical analyses.

The patients’ baseline characteristics were summarized as summary statistics (number of patients, mean, standard deviation, minimum, median, and maximum) for continuous valuables and as categorical frequency and proportion for nominal variables.

The outcomes of the arterial gas and expired gas analyses were obtained on day 14 of CO2 therapy. For each outcome, the mean values with the respective 95% confidence intervals were determined for the differences between pre-treatment and at 20 min after the initiation of treatment. As the endpoint of blood flow, we estimated the blood flow ratio for each patient defined as the ratio of blood flow at 20 min after treatment relative to that at pre-treatment. The mean, range, and 95% confidence interval of the blood flow ratio were calculated for the endpoint, for both the measurement sites and for each of the three measurement days (days 1, 14, and 28). We calculated p-values for the endpoint using a Wilcoxon signed rank test with a null hypothesis that the population mean of the blood flow ratio was 1. A small p-value supports the rejection of the aforementioned null hypothesis. We adopted a significance level of 0.05 and did not consider adjusting any multiplicity for the statistical test because this study constituted an exploratory examination. The additional data points were as follows: pre-treatment, 5 min after the initiation of the CO2 therapy, 10 min after the initiation of the CO2 therapy, 15 min after the initiation of the CO2 therapy, 20 min after the initiation of the CO2 therapy, 5 min after the termination of the CO2 therapy, 10 min after the termination of the CO2 therapy, 15 min after the termination of the CO2 therapy, and 20 min after the termination of the CO2 therapy. We also calculated the blood flow ratio for each patient defined as the ratio of blood flow at each data point relative to that at pre-treatment.

Additionally, we conducted sub-group analyses to investigate the effects of age, type of osteosynthesis, time of initiation of weight bearing, affected bone (femur or tibia), and smoking on the blood flow-enhancing effects of CO2 therapy. We calculated p-values using the Mann–Whitney U test to compare two groups and the Kruskal–Wallis test to compare three groups. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS software version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).

Results

Patients’ baseline characteristics

Twenty patients were enrolled to the trial in accordance with the study design. The patients’ baseline characteristics are summarized in Table 1. One of the patients (ID 11003) dropped out from the study on the third day after the initiation of CO2 therapy. This was because the patient expressed a wish to receive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for fracture treatment. Therefore, all analyses were conducted using the data obtained from the remaining 19 patients. Of the 19 patients for whom complete data analyses were performed, 13 were men and six were women, with a mean age of 48.7 years (range, 23–76 years) and mean body mass index of 25.6 (range, 18.8–30.1). Among the fractures treated, seven were fresh fractures and 12 were nonunions. The fractured bone was the femur in eight patients and tibia in 11 patients. The percentage of smokers among the 19 patients was 73.7% (12 current smokers and two previous smokers). The mean number of days from surgery to the initiation of CO2 therapy was 7.9 (range, 2–12), and the mean follow-up period was 27.5 months (range, 9–48).

Table 1 Patients’ baseline characteristics
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Vital signs

Figure 1 shows the vital signs before and after CO2 therapy for 28 consecutive days. There were no marked changes in vital signs before and after CO2 therapy.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Vital signs of patient cohort. The horizontal axis represents days. The dashed line shows the values measured before CO2 therapy, and the solid line shows the values measured after CO2 therapy. a Pulse, b systolic blood pressure, c diastolic blood pressure, d body temperature, and e SpO2

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Blood examination

There were no marked deviations from the standard postoperative course with respect to blood examination (data not shown); there were no liver or kidney function disorders.

Arterial gas analysis

Arterial gas analysis revealed that there were no significant differences in each parameter before and after CO2 therapy (Table 2). Notably, no hypercapnia was observed.

Table 2 Arterial gas analysis
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Expired gas analysis

There were no significant differences in each parameter before and during CO2 therapy (Table 3).

Table 3 Expired gas analysis data
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Adverse events

No systemic or local adverse events were observed in any of the patients, and no skin-related reactions were observed due to application of the hydrogel to the skin. Moreover, there were no surgical site infections or clinical hypercapnia.

Radiographic and clinical fracture union assessment

Radiographic fracture union was completed for all patients (Fig. 2). Clinical fracture union was also achieved for all patients.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Kaplan–Meier survival curve of fracture union. The horizontal axis represents the days from surgery to treat fracture/nonunion. The vertical axis represents the radiographic fracture union rate

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Measurement of blood flow in patients’ limbs

Figure 3 illustrates the blood flow over time for each patient on day 28 at the fracture level (Fig. 3a) and at a site 5 cm from the fracture level (Fig. 3b). The solid and dotted lines represent the values for the fractured and contra–lateral healthy limb, respectively. Blood flow at 20 min in the fractured limb was higher than that in the contra–lateral healthy limb in 16 of the 19 patients (84.2%) at the fracture level and in all 19 patients (100%) at the site 5 cm from the fracture level. No marked differences in the dynamic tendency of blood flow were observed between patients with femur and tibia fractures or between those with fresh fractures and nonunions.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Blood flow in patient limbs on day 28 after the initiation of CO2 therapy. The horizontal axis indicates the time course. Blood flow was measured continuously from prior to the commencement of the CO2 therapy (PRE) to 20 min after (POST) a 20-min session of the CO2 therapy. The vertical axis shows the blood flow. The affected bone (femur or tibia) and whether the fracture is a fresh fracture or a fracture with nonunion are indicated. The solid line shows the blood flow in the fractured limb and the dotted line shows the blood flow in the contra–lateral healthy limb. Filled circles on the lines indicate the time point of the start and end of the CO2 therapy. a Blood follow measured at the fracture level. b Blood follow measured at a point 5 cm from the fracture level

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Table 4 summarizes the endpoint and the ratio of blood flow in the patients’ fractured limbs from pre-treatment to post-treatment on days 1, 14, and 28. Based on these data, it was evident that CO2 therapy promoted an increase in blood flow in the fractured limbs. The mean values increased in a time-dependent manner for both fracture and adjacent sites, and the mean ratios showed an approximate 2-fold increase on day 28. The small p-values in both the tables indicate an increase in blood flow attributable to CO2 therapy compared to pre-treatment measurements.

Table 4 Increase in blood flow promoted by the CO2 therapy in the fractured limb of patients
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We then performed a sub-group analysis of enhanced blood flow by dividing patients into groups of ≤45 (n = 9) and > 45 (n = 10) years of age, and the results are presented in Table 5. We found a statistically significant difference on day 1, measured at the fracture level (p = 0.030). The increase in blood flow was higher in the aged group. However, we did not find significant differences for the other conditions.

Table 5 Sub-group analysis regarding the influence of age on the increase in blood flow by the CO2 therapy in the fractured limb of patients
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We also performed a sub-group analysis of enhanced blood flow by dividing patients based on treatment with intramedullary (IM) nailing (n = 9), plate (n = 9), and neither IM nailing nor plate (n = 1), and the results are presented in Table 6. We found a statistically significant difference on day 14, measured at the fracture level (p = 0.040). The increase in blood flow was higher in the IM nailing group. However, we did not find significant differences for the other conditions.

Table 6 Sub-group analysis regarding the influence of the type of osteosynthesis on the increase in blood flow by the CO2 therapy in the fractured limb of patients
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Next, we performed a sub-group analysis of enhanced blood flow by dividing patients based on the initiation of weight bearing, specifically ≤5 weeks (n = 7) and > 5 weeks (n = 12) post-operation, and the results are presented in Table 7. We found a statistically significant difference on day 28, measured 5 cm from the fracture level (p = 0.047). The increase in blood flow was higher in the group with earlier initiation of weight bearing. However, we did not find significant differences for the other conditions.

Table 7 Sub-group analysis regarding the influence of weight bearing on the increase in blood flow by the CO2 therapy in the fractured limb of patients
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We then performed a sub-group analysis of enhanced blood flow by dividing patients based on the affected bones, namely the femur (n = 8) and tibia (n = 11), and the results are presented in Table 8. We found a statistically significant difference on day 14, measured at the fracture level (p = 0.015). The increase in blood flow was higher in the femur group. However, we did not find significant differences for the other conditions.

Table 8 Sub-group analysis regarding the influence of affected bone on the increase in blood flow by the CO2 therapy in the fractured limb of patients
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Finally, we performed a sub-group analysis of enhanced blood flow by dividing patients into non-smoker (n = 5), current smoker (n = 12), and previous smoker (n = 2) groups, and the results are presented in Table 9. We found statistically significant differences on days 14 and 28, measured at 5 cm from the fracture level (p = 0.036 each). However, we did not find significant differences for the other conditions.

Table 9 Sub-group analysis regarding the influence of smoking on the increase in blood flow by the CO2 therapy in the fractured limb of patients
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Blood flow data in the contra–lateral healthy leg were also analyzed. We found a statistically significant increase in blood flow in the contra–lateral healthy leg, and the results are presented in Table 10.

Table 10 Increase in blood flow promoted by the CO2 therapy in the contra–lateral non-fractured limb of patients
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Discussion

Given that CO2 therapy introduces CO2 into the body, there have been concerns regarding the potential occurrence of hypercapnia. In this study, however, we demonstrated that the CO2 therapy that we used causes no adverse events including hypercapnia in patients. The successful verification of the safety of CO2 therapy was the main outcome of the current clinical trial. This favorable outcome supports the validity of continuing assessments of this CO2 therapy in further clinical trials with patients.

In addition to the effect of accelerating fracture healing, various positive effects of CO2 therapy have been reported in pre-clinical studies. One example is the effects of CO2 therapy on muscles, which include muscle fiber switching in skeletal muscle [27], acceleration of muscle injury repair [28], and acceleration of the performance of endurance exercise [29]. Another example relates to the effects of this therapy on tumors. CO2 therapy has been demonstrated to have inherent antitumor effects [30,31,32,33] by suppressing metastasis [33, 34], enhancing the antitumor effect of radiation therapy [35, 36], and suppressing bone destruction caused by bone metastasis [37]. All of these are targets that warrant further examination in clinical trials. The clinical trial reported herein is the first such trial involving human patients, and therefore, the information we provide regarding the proven safety of CO2 therapy will be valuable to other investigators conducting future clinical trials for various diseases.

We focused on blood flow in this study because it is one of the most critical factors associated with fracture repair. Poor vascularity adversely affects fracture repair [38,39,40] and is a risk factor for nonunion [41]; it has also been reported as a target for treatment to improve nonunion [42]. Angiogenesis is a key component of bone repair [43, 44] and modern fracture fixation techniques such as biological osteosynthesis and minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis, which are aimed at preserving vascularity around the fracture site to enhance fracture healing [45,46,47,48,49]. Therefore, we adopted blood flow in the fractured limb as a surrogate endpoint signifying a positive effect on fracture repair.

Based on the measurements obtained in the present study, it is evident that CO2 therapy can effectively increase blood flow in the fractured limbs. Additionally, in the majority of patients, we recorded higher blood flow in the fractured limb than in the contra–lateral healthy limb (Fig. 3). As indicated in Table 4, blood flow showed a time-dependent increase throughout treatment. This phenomenon can be attributed to one or both of the following processes. First, the effect of increased blood flow promoted by CO2 therapy is reinforced by the continuation of daily CO2 therapy. Second, the vascularity of the fractured limb itself increases with time after surgery, which reflects the course of the healing process. It is possible that new blood vessel formation occurs with time after surgery. Moreover, there is an increase in the number of blood vessels that can respond to the effect of increased blood flow promoted by CO2 therapy. We additionally analyzed the data of blood flow in the contra–lateral healthy leg as shown in Table 10. We also found a statistically significant increase in blood flow in the contra–lateral healthy leg. This could be because the CO2 therapy induced some systemic effects to increase blood flow, and the increased blood flow observed in the fractured limbs was not induced only by the fracture healing process.

In the present study, we measured blood flow at two different points in the fractured limb, specifically at the fracture level and at a site 5 cm from the fracture level. In some cases, during surgery, the skin at the fracture site is incised, and this raises concerns because surgical incision might disrupt the vascularity of soft tissue at the fracture level. Therefore, in the present study, we decided to additionally measure blood flow at a point in the ipsilateral limb slightly removed from the fracture level. Consequently, it was evident that an increase in blood flow was promoted at both the fracture level and its surroundings. The increase in blood flow in the fractured limb was accordingly deemed to contribute to fracture repair. A similar tendency of increased blood flow was observed for cases of femur and tibia fractures, and in both fresh fractures and fractures with nonunion. However, further in-depth analysis is needed to determine the possible differences between femur and tibia fractures and fresh fractures and those with nonunion.

Despite the small number of patients, owing to the nature of this small-sized, early phase clinical trial, we performed sub-group analyses. We found some statistically significant differences; however, we cannot definitely conclude that the factors analyzed affect the blood flow-enhancing effects of the CO2 therapy. It is still unclear whether age, type of osteosynthesis, time of initiation of weight bearing, affected bone (femur or tibia), and smoking status affect CO2 therapy outcomes to enhance blood flow in the present small-sized clinical trial. Although it cannot be neglected that the number of patients was small in the present study, we found some significant findings. It seems that age does not significantly contribute to the effect of CO2 therapy on enhance blood flow. It is possible that IM nailing affects the bone circulation by damaging the endosteal blood supply; in contrast, IM nailing can preserve the periosteal blood supply. Therefore, it is possible that CO2 therapy is more effective in enhancing blood flow around the bone in the fractured limb treated by IM nailing. It is possible that an earlier weight bearing reinforces the effect of the CO2 therapy to enhance blood flow. Further, the effect of the CO2 therapy to enhance blood flow might be higher for patients with femur fracture than for those with tibia fracture because the femur has more abundant adjacent soft tissues and inherent vascularity supplied from the surroundings compared to those of the tibia. Our data indicate that the effect of CO2 therapy in enhancing blood flow is evident even in smokers. We consider that the blood flow in smokers who tend to have less vascularity than non-smokers can also be increased by the CO2 therapy. However, the small number of patients in the present study should be considered while interpreting the results. These issues will be the target of future large-sized clinical trials with more homogeneous populations.

This study has some limitations. The sample size was small and included a heterogeneous population of patients. We included patients with femur and tibia fractures and those with fresh fractures and nonunions in accordance with the nature of this study (an early-phase clinical trial). It was evident that CO2 therapy promoted an increase in blood flow in the fractured limbs of patients; however, it remains to be determined whether this increase has a direct positive effect on fracture repair. Currently, we do not possess radiological data to confirm the acceleration of fracture repair because this clinical trial was designed mainly to assess the safety. The true endpoint of studies investigating fracture repair is the acceleration of bony union, and accordingly, this would be a target for further studies. Moreover, the measurement of blood flow using a laser Doppler blood flow meter reflects superficial micro-circulation; however, in our previous study on healthy volunteers using phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we found that CO2 therapy affected the deep tissue, triceps surae muscle, via changes in intramuscular pH [26].

Nevertheless, we believe that the questions we sought to answer in this study, namely, whether CO2 therapy is safe and effective to increase blood flow in the fractured limbs of patients, have been satisfactorily addressed. Given that CO2 therapy increases blood flow, this type of therapy is expected to be beneficial for the treatment of open fractures, fractures in patients with ischemic disease or diabetes mellitus, fractures in smokers, and avascular nonunions. In addition to an increase in blood flow, local oxygenation via the Bohr effect [26] is also expected to contribute to tissue healing. Moreover, positive effects related not only to the healing of bone but also to that of soft tissue can be expected. Whether CO2 therapy accelerates fracture repair, improves union rate, and shortens the time to union are still unclear, which necessitates further study; however, we believe that CO2 therapy is a promising new clinically applicable tool that can be used to assist fracture repair.

Conclusions

The topical cutaneous application of carbon dioxide via hydrogel has been shown to be clinically safe and to promote blood flow in fractured limbs in a small sample of patients.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

CO2 :

carbon dioxide

IM:

intramedullary

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Yasuaki Ohnishi, Dr. Kenichi Sawauchi, Dr. Kazumichi Kitayama, Dr. Kiminari Kataoka, Dr. Kenji Kudo, Dr. Kohei Kamada, Dr. Takeo Tokura, Dr. Naotoshi Kumagai, Dr. Kyohei Takase, Dr. Tomohiro Miyamoto, Dr. Yu Sasaki, and Dr. Tomoya Matsuo for administering the daily CO2 therapy. We would also like to thank Dr. Seimi Satomi-Kobayashi for her contribution in interpreting the data of arterial and expired gas analyses, Dr. Yasunori Tsuboi for his contribution to expired gas analysis, and Ms. Hiromi Nagano for data management. We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing.

Funding

This study was supported by a grant from ZENKYOREN (National Mutual Insurance Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Japan), URL: http://social.ja-kyosai.or.jp/contribution/traffic06.html. The funding source had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan

    Takahiro Niikura, Keisuke Oe, Tomoaki Fukui, Takehiko Matsushita, Tomoyuki Matsumoto & Ryosuke Kuroda

  2. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo Prefectural Awaji Medical Center, Sumoto, Japan

    Takashi Iwakura

  3. Division of Biostatistics, Department of Social/Community Medicine and Health Science, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan

    Takashi Omori

  4. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Sang Yang Lee

  5. Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan

    Yoshitada Sakai

  6. Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan

    Toshihiro Akisue

Authors
  1. Takahiro Niikura
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  2. Takashi Iwakura
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  3. Takashi Omori
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  4. Sang Yang Lee
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  5. Yoshitada Sakai
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  7. Keisuke Oe
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  8. Tomoaki Fukui
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  11. Ryosuke Kuroda
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Contributions

TN analyzed and interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. TI managed the proper collection of all data. TO performed statistical analyses and contributed to writing the manuscript. SL and YS analyzed the arterial gas analysis data. TA and KO analyzed the expired gas analysis data. TF analyzed the data of vital signs. TM1 analyzed the blood flow data. TM2 analyzed radiographic assessment data. RK contributed to writing the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Takahiro Niikura.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Kobe University Hospital (Approved number: 260008). Prior to conducting the study, we obtained written informed consent from patients who were eligible.

Consent for publication

Written informed consent for the publication of personal or clinical data with protection of privacy was obtained from patients who were eligible.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Niikura, T., Iwakura, T., Omori, T. et al. Topical cutaneous application of carbon dioxide via a hydrogel for improved fracture repair: results of phase I clinical safety trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 20, 563 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2911-7

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Keywords

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2474

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