Topical cutaneous application of carbon dioxide via a hydrogel for improved fracture repair: results of phase I clinical safety trial

Table 6 Sub-group analysis regarding the influence of the type of osteosynthesis on the increase in blood flow by the CO₂ therapy in the fractured limb of patients

Measuring site	Treatment day	Type of osteosynthesis	n	Mean (range) [95%CI]	p-value (1)	p-value (2)
Fracture level	1	IMN	9	1.523 (0.970–2.846) [1.096–1.950]	0.008	0.41
		Plate	9	1.336 (1.080–1.618) [1.192–1.480]	0.004
		Other	1	1.146
	14	IMN	9	2.124 (1.158–3.152) [1.642–2.606]	0.004	0.040
		Plate	9	1.448 (1.156–1.720) [1.278–1.618]	0.002
		Other	1	1.362
	28	IMN	9	2.363 (1.236–4.471) [1.533–3.192]	0.004	0.50
		Plate	9	1.888 (1.306–5.100) [0.952–2.824]	0.004
		Other	1	2.353
5 cm from the fracture level	1	IMN	9	1.451 (1.010–2.000) [1.175–1.726]	0.004	0.36
		Plate	9	1.468 (1.164–1.705) [1.334–1.602]	0.004
		Other	1	1.816
	14	IMN	9	2.119 (1.168–2.660) [1.701–2.538]	0.004	0.09
		Plate	9	1.592 (1.206–2.091) [1.390–1.793]	0.004
		Other	1	1.851
	28	IMN	9	2.216 (1.038–3.431) [1.680–2.752]	0.004	0.20
		Plate	9	1.759 (1.215–2.625) [1.351–2.167]	0.004
		Other	1	2.167

Blood flow increase is demonstrated by the ratio of blood flow measured after 20 min of CO₂ therapy to that at pre-treatment. n: number of patients. p-value (1): calculated using Wilcoxon signed rank test with a null hypothesis that the population mean of the blood flow ratio is 1. p-value (2): calculated using Kruskal–Wallis test to compare the three groups (IMN versus plate versus other). IMN: intramedullary nailing

ISSN: 1471-2474