Topical cutaneous application of carbon dioxide via a hydrogel for improved fracture repair: results of phase I clinical safety trial

Table 4 Increase in blood flow promoted by the CO₂ therapy in the fractured limb of patients

Measuring site	Treatment day	Mean (range) [95%CI]	p-value
Fracture level	1	1.414 (0.970–2.846) [1.218–1.611]	p < 0.00001
	14	1.764 (1.156–3.152) [1.491–2.036]	p < 0.00001
	28	2.137 (1.236–5.100) [1.602–2.673]	p < 0.00001
5 cm from the fracture level	1	1.478 (1.010–2.000) [1.344–1.612]	p < 0.00001
	14	1.855 (1.168–2.660) [1.623–2.087]	p < 0.00001
	28	1.997 (1.038–3.431) [1.694–2.300]	p < 0.00001

Blood flow increase is demonstrated by the ratio of blood flow measured after 20 min of CO₂ therapy to that at pre-treatment. Number of patients = 19. p-value: calculated using Wilcoxon signed rank test with a null hypothesis that the population mean of the blood flow ratio is 1

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