Skip to main content
Download PDF

Reconstruction of the anatomy of the hip in total hip arthroplasty with two different kinds of stems

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders volume 23, Article number: 212 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The reconstruction of the individual anatomy is important in total hip replacement. The aim of the study was to compare two different kinds of stems with respect to the reconstruction of the individual anatomy of the hip.

Methods

We compared the restoration of the anatomical parameters (horizontal and vertical offset, femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA) and leg length) of 100 unilateral CoreHip (CH) implantations with 100 unilateral implantations of a standard anatomical stem (Exception (E)). The CoreHip has three different NSAs and exhibits a constant femoral neck length for the different sizes. The Exception stem has a standard and lateralized version with two different NSAs and, in both versions, the femoral neck length increases proportionately with size. The anatomical parameters of the operated and healthy sides were measured and the differences between the two stems compared.

Results

The horizontal (2.5 ± 2.8 mm (mean ± SD) for CH vs. 5.4 ± 4.1 mm for E, p < 0.001) and vertical offset (4.1 ± 3.5 mm for CH vs. 5.0 ± 3.8 mm, p = 0.024) and femoral neck-shaft-angle (1.7 ± 1.6 degrees for CH vs. 5.6 ± 3.4 degrees for E, p < 0.001) could be reconstructed significantly better with the CoreHip system. There was a tendency for the leg length (4.0 ± 3.9 mm for CH vs. 4.5 ± 3.8 mm; p = 0.11) to be better restored with the CoreHip.

Conclusion

The reconstruction of the individual anatomy of the hip with an endoprosthesis could be realized significantly better with the stem that was designed with three different femoral neck-shaft angles and a constant femoral neck length over different sizes.

Peer Review reports

Background

Artificial hip joint replacement is one of the most successful and common surgical procedures in medicine and has been called “the operation of the century” [1]. Correct reconstruction of the individual anatomy with respect to femoral neck shaft angle, horizontal and vertical offset with the endoprosthesis are important goals of this procedure [2,3,4,5].

Anatomical studies have shown that the distribution of the femoral neck-shaft-angle follows a Gaussian distribution, with a mean of approximately 126 degrees (i.e. significantly lower than the 135 degrees used in most hip prosthesis stems) and physiological values between 108 and 145 degrees [6,7,8,9]. There are also differences between various ethnic groups, with higher mean values for the African (about 131 degrees) and Asian regions (about 134 degrees) [8, 10,11,12]. Furthermore, the length of the femoral neck plays a role, and changes in its length have an influence on both leg length and offset [7].

Most prosthesis stems available on the market have two ranges with different femoral neck-shaft angles (NSA), a standard version (NSA usually 135 degrees) and a more lateral version (NSA usually about 126 to 128 degrees) with higher offset. In both versions the neck length increases with the stem size, i.e. with the stem diameter, which in turn increases the offset and leg length. In nature, however, this linear relationship between femoral neck length and stem diameter (or size) does not exist, so that the same offsets and femoral neck lengths can exist for very different widths of the femoral canal, and vice versa [13,14,15,16]. In addition, the width of the femoral canal may change over the course of a lifetime. Thus, especially in women with progressive osteoporosis, the femoral canal becomes wider, but the other anatomical parameters such as offset, femoral neck length and leg length remain the same [17]. The continual increase in the length of the femoral neck with increasing canal width in the vast majority of prosthetic stems on the market doesn’t take this phenomenon into account.

Therefore, the current study was designed to test the hypothesis, that a prosthetic stem with three different femoral neck-shaft angles and a constant length of the femoral neck in different sizes can restore the individual anatomy of the femoral joint (horizontal and vertical femoral offset as well as neck-shaft-angle) significantly better than a standard prosthetic stem where femoral neck length increases with size and with two different NSAs (standard and lateralized).

Methods

For the standard version of a prosthetic stem the anatomical stem Exception (ZimmerBiomet, Winterthur, Switzerland) with a right and left version was chosen. This prosthetic stem exhibit a femoral neck-shaft-angle of 137.5 degrees in its standard version whereas, in the lateralized version, the femoral neck-shaft angle changed with the size of the stem from 125.4 degrees to 130 degrees (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Exception stem

Full size image

The other stem selected was the CoreHip (Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany). The CoreHip system is a prosthetic stem system in which each size has three different femoral neck-shaft angles (Varus 122°, Standard 132°, Valgus 142°) (Fig. 2). These can all be implanted with one rasp of the corresponding size. In this system the neck length does not increase with increasing stem size. If needed, it is also possible to achieve a greater femoral neck length with the XL head variant of this system (also available in ceramic).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Setting of three different offsets for the same stem size and leg length in the CoreHip-System

Full size image

The cementless Allofit classic cup (ZimmerBiomet, Winterthur, Switzerland) was used in both groups.

We compared the restoration of the anatomical parameters of 100 unilateral CoreHip implantations with 100 unilateral implantations of the standard anatomical stem (Exception). The patients were randomized to one of the two stems. There were 57 woman and 43 men in the CoreHip-group with an age of 65.5 ± 7.3 years and 60 woman and 40 men in the Exception-group with an age of 67.2 ± 7.9 years. Although no group size calculation has been performed beforehand a number of 100 cases per group were chosen as this represents the number of other similar studies in the literature and patients could be included within a manageable period of time of several months [18,19,20].

After assigning the patient to the specific stem design, preoperative planning was performed with the mediCAD 2D Classic System (mediCAD Hectec GmbH, Altdorf/Landshut, Germany) for the corresponding implants to be used. In addition to the size selection and positioning of the respective implant, a preselection was made for the stem variant to be used (standard or varus for the Exception stem and standard, varus or valgus for the CoreHip stem). This was verified during intraoperative testing with the trial implants. The operations with both stems were performed by four highly experienced surgeons.

On the postoperative radiographic pelvic overview (performed 5 days after surgery) with a film-focus-distance of 115 cm the following parameters were measured on the replaced hip and on the healthy contralateral side (Fig. 3): femoral neck-shaft angle, vertical offset (C), horizontal offset (D) and leg length (E). The prosthetic head diameter was used for correction of the magnification. The difference between these anatomical parameters on the healthy side and the operated side was calculated for each patient and taken as real values for the graphical representation of the distribution (Figs. 4, 5, 6 and 7) and as integers for statistical analysis (Table 2). Here, the value describes the extent of deviation of the operated side from the healthy side.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Anatomical parameters, for the comparison of hip prosthesis implantation with the contralateral, non-operated side

Full size image
Fig. 4
figure 4

Distribution of the horizontal offset of the CoreHip and Exception prosthesis. Y-axis = difference betweenhealthy and operated side (healthy - operated) in mm

Full size image
Fig. 5
figure 5

Distribution of the vertical offset of the CoreHip and Exception prosthesis. Y-axis = difference between healthy and operated side (healthy - operated) in mm

Full size image
Fig. 6
figure 6

Distribution of the femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA) of the CoreHip and Exception prosthesis. Y-axis = difference between healthy and operated side (healthy - operated) in degrees

Full size image
Fig. 7
figure 7

Distribution of the leg length with the CoreHip and Exception prosthesis. y-axis = difference between healthy and operated side (healthy - operated) in mm

Full size image

Further, the accuracy of restoring anatomy within defined limits (5 mm for vertical and horizontal offset, 3° for femoral neck-shaft-angle) was compared between the two groups and the fraction calculated in each group that could be reconstructed within those limits.

Statistical analysis

Statistical evaluation was performed using SPSS for Windows (version 22; IBM Corp.; Armonk, NY). For statistical evaluation of nonparametric data of unrelated samples the Mann-Whitney-U-Test was used. The chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical evaluation of categorial variables. All reported p-values are two-tailed, with an alpha level < 0.05 considered significant.

Results

There was no difference between the two stem groups when the anatomical parameters horizontal and vertical femoral offset, as well as the neck-shaft-angle (NSA) on the healthy side were compared (Fig. 3, Table 1). On the operated side, it was found that the horizontal and vertical offset as well as the femoral neck-shaft-angle (NSA) could be reconstructed significantly better with the CoreHip system and also that there was a tendency for the leg length to be better restored with the CoreHip (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, Table 2). It also became apparent that the horizontal offset could be reconstructed within a limit of 5 mm for the CoreHip in 91% of cases, but only in 63% of cases for the anatomical stem within the same limit (p < 0.001, chi-square test). The femoral neck-shaft-angle could be reconstructed within 3 degrees with the CoreHip in 92% of the cases, but only in 43% of the cases for the anatomical stem (p < 0.001, chi-square test). The vertical offset could be reconstructed within 5 mm with the CoreHip in 70% of cases and with the anatomical stem in 64% of cases (p = 0.366, chi-square test). The leg length was within 5 mm for the CoreHip in 80% of cases and 69% of cases for the anatomical stem (p = 0.074, chi-square test).

Table 1 Comparison of the anatomical parameters on the healthy hip of both groups
Full size table
Table 2 Comparison of the restoration of anatomical parameters between the CoreHip stem and a standard anatomical stem (Δ = difference between the contralateral, non-operated side and the same parameter on the operated side after total hip arthroplasty, LLD = leg length discrepancy). Mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) is shown
Full size table

Discussion

The comparison of the two different types of prosthetic stems showed, that the stem with three different femoral neck-shaft angles and a constant femoral neck length could reconstruct the individual anatomical parameters significantly better for the horizontal and vertical offset as well as for the femoral neck-shaft angle and tendentially better for the leg length.

The better reconstruction of the anatomical parameters by the CoreHip stem is in our view founded on two characteristics of this stem system. First, by using three different CCD angle variants of the stem, that have the same medial calcar fit, the corresponding anatomical offset can be reconstructed without affecting the leg length (Fig. 2). Second, with the CoreHip system, the prosthetic neck length does not increase with increasing stem thickness, as is the case with many other stem systems on the market (including the Exception stem studied here). This corresponds to the pattern found in nature, since in nature there is no linear relationship between femoral neck length and the femoral canal width [13,14,15,16]. Moreover, especially in women with progressive osteoporosis, the femoral canal can become wider over the course of a lifetime, but the other anatomical parameters such as offset, femoral neck length and leg length remain the same [17]. Especially in the latter condition, the use of a stem-system with increasing neck lengths with stem sizes would result in a significant increase in the offset.

An increase in the offset can have clinical consequences. It leads to tightness of the iliotibial ligament, which in turn can lead to irritation of the gluteal muscles at the greater trochanter and result in bursitis trochanterica [21]. An increase in the horizontal femoral offset after hip prosthesis implantation can also lead to a change in the leg axis with a resulting change in the forces on the knee joint and even to unilateral osteoarthritis of the knee [22]. On the other hand, a reduction of the offset reduces the tension of the gluteal muscles, which can lead to a Trendelenburg sign or gait [23]. In addition, the distance of the trochanter major to the os ileum and that of the trochanter minor to the os ischium is reduced, and this can lead to bony impingement or even result in dislocation of the hip joint [24]. Furthermore, a reduced offset increases the wear of polyethylene in the cup [25,26,27]. Therefore, it seems that the correct reconstruction of the offset has clear clinical advantages.

In addition to the offset, the leg length plays a crucial role in the reconstruction of the anatomical parameters. A changed leg length leads to pelvic tilt, which, if not compensated for by insoles or shoe adjustment, can cause problems in the lumbar spine and irritation of the N. ischiadicus [28,29,30]. In addition, differences in leg length may cause gait insecurity, dislocation and premature loosening of the prostheses after hip replacement [31,32,33]. Patient dissatisfaction with leg length discrepancies often leads to legal disputes [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37]. Although the length of the prosthesis neck also has an influence on the leg length, the reconstruction of the leg length in this study was not significantly different between the two different stem systems. However, with the CoreHip, the leg length tended to be better reconstructed (11% more often) within a 5 mm difference to the non-operated opposite side. The lack of significance with regard to leg length, despite significant differences in the reconstruction of the vertical femoral offset, may in our opinion be due to the fact that the surgeons selected a larger or smaller stem to achieve the same leg length by placing the stem higher or lower in the femoral canal and could thus influence the leg length directly. The femoral offset was only slightly influenced by this. In addition, the use of modular prosthetic heads helps to achieve the correct insertion length.

From the explanations given, it seems evident that the reconstruction of the individual anatomy of the hip with the endoprosthesis is important and seems to be realized significantly better with a stem with three different femoral neck-shaft angles and a constant femoral neck length in different sizes. However, further studies should be aimed at determining whether the better reconstruction of the individual anatomical parameters also leads to different clinical outcomes.

The study has some limitations. First of all, this is a study of total endoprostheses. As such, the placement of the prosthetic cup also has an effect on leg length. Since only femoral vertical and horizontal offset was measured in this study and the same cup was used for both prosthetic stems, we believe that there is negligible influence of prosthetic cup placement on the significant differences detected in this study.

Moreover, the selected standard stem is not representative of all standard stems on the market because each stem has some specific features in neck-shaft angle and the increase in neck length with increasing stem size. However, it seems that an increase of neck-length with stem size generally does not reflect the natural anatomical relationship between the meta- and diaphyseal canal width and the femoral neck length [13,14,15,16].

Conclusions

Therefore, a prosthetic stem with a constant prosthetic neck length and the possibility of three different NSAs seems to reconstruct the individual anatomical situation better. This conclusion should be considered during the development of prosthetic stems in the future.

Availability of data and materials

We do not wish to share our data, because some of patient’s data regarding individual privacy, and according to the policy of our hospital, the data could not be shared to others without permission.

Abbreviations

NSA:

Neck-shaft angle

References

  1. Learmonth ID, Young C, Rorabeck C. The operation of the century: total hip replacement. Lancet. 2007;370:1508–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Forster-Horvath C, Egloff C, Valderrabano V, Nowakowski AM. The painful primary hip replacement - review of the literature. Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;144:w13974.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wylde V, Hewlett S, Learmonth ID, Dieppe P. Persistent pain after joint replacement: prevalence, sensory qualities, and postoperative determinants. Pain. 2011;152:566–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Fink B, Lass R. Diagnostic algorithm for failure analysis of painful hip arthoplasties. Z Orthop Unfall. 2016;154(5):527–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Charles MN, Bourne RB, Davey JR, Greenwald AS, Morrey BF, Rorabeck CH. Soft-tissue balancing of the hip: the role of femoral offset restoration. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A:1078–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Mahfouz MR. US patent app 15/323, 926,2017 and US patent app 16/397, 576, 2019.

  7. Rawal BR, Ribeiro R, Malhotra R, Bhatnagar N. Anthropometric measurements to design best-fit femoral stem for the Indian population. Indian J Orthop. 2012;46:46–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Gilligan I, Chandraphak S, Mahakkanukrauh P. Femoral neck-shaft angle in humans: variation relating to climate, clothing, lifestyle, sex, age and side. J Anat. 2013;223:133–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Soodmand E, Zheng G, Steens W, Bader R, Nolte L, Kluess D. Surgically relevant morphological parameters of the proximal human femur: a statistical analysis based on 3D reconstruction of CT data. Orthop Surg. 2019;11:135–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Adekoya-Cole TO, Akinmokun OI, Soyebi KO, Oguche OE. Femoral neck shaft angles: a radiological anthropometry study. Nig Postgr Med J. 2016;23:17–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Tang ZH, Yeoh CSN, Tan GMJ. Radiographic study of the proximal femur morphology of elderly patients with femoral neck fractures: is there a difference among ethnic groups? Singap Med J. 2017;58:717–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Pi Y, Zhao Y, Wang W, He Z, Mao X. Measurement of proximal femoral morphology and analysis of 500 cases in Hunan province. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2013;38:925–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sugano N, Noble PC, Kamaric E. Predicting the position of the femoral head center. J Arthroplast. 1999;14:102–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hartzband M. Kinectiv ML Taper. Hip and Knee Symposium 2007. Rush University medical center/Searle learning center. Chicago, IL.

  15. Yanagimoto, Sakamaki T. Basic study of hip prosthesis design: Analysis of shape of femoral medullary canal in Japanese subjects by computed tomtographic scanning. In: ImuraS, Akamatsu A, Azuma H, Sawqi K, Taneka S (Eds.) Hip Biomechnics, Springer Verlag Tokyo 1993, ISBN: 13:978-4-431-68239-4, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68237-0, page 289-302.

  16. Lv L, Meng G, Gong H, Zhu D, Zhu W. A new method for the measurement and analysis of three-dimensional morphological parameters of proximal male femur. Biomed Res. 2012;23:219–26.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Boymans TA, Heyligers IC, Grimm B. The morphology of the proximal femoral canal continues to change in the very elderly: impliytions for total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplast. 2015;30:2328–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. von Roth P, Perka C, Mayr HO, Preininger B, Ziebula F, Matziolis G, Hube R. Reproducibility of femoral offset following short stem and straight stem total hip arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2014;37:e678–84.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Batailler C, Fary C, Servien E, Lustig S. Influence of femoral broach shape on stem alignment using anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty: a radiologic comparative study of 3 different stems. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0204591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Erivan R, Muller AS, Villatte G, Millerioux S, Mulliez A, Boisgard S, et al. Short stems reproduce femoral offset better than standard stems in total hip arthroplasty: a case-control study. Int Orthop. 2020;44:45–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Duwelius PJ, Hartzband MA, Burkhart R, Carnahan C, Blair S, Wu Y, et al. Clinical results of a modular neck hip system: hitting the “bull’s-eye” more accurately. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2010;39(Suppl10):2–6.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Van Drongelen S, Kaldowski H, Tarhan T, Assi A, Meurer A, Stief F. Are changes in radiological leg alignment and femoral parameters after total hip replacement responsible for joint loading during gait? BMC Musculoskeletal Dis. 2019;20:256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Asayma I, Naito M, Fujisawa M, Kambe T. Relationship tetween radiographic measurements of reconstructed hip joint position and the Trendelenburg sign. J Arthroplast. 2002;17:747–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Fackler CD, Poss R. Dislocation in total hip arthroplasties. Clin Orthop. 1980;151:169–78.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Sakalkale PD, Sharkey PF, Eng K, Hozack WJ, Rothman RH. Effect of femoral component offest on polyethylene wear in total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;\:125-134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Little NJ, Busch CA, Gallagher JA, Rorabeck CH, Bourne BB. Acetabular polyehtylene wear and acetabular inclination and femoral offset. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467:2895–900.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. De Fine M, Romagnoli M, Toscano A, Bondi A, Nani M, Zaffagnini S. Is there a role for femoral offset reconstraction during total hip arthroplasty? A systemic review. Orthop Traumatol. 2017;103:349–55.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Frieberg O. Clinical symptoms and biomechanics of lumbar spine and hip joint in leg length inequality. Spine. 1983;8:643–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Mihalko WM, Philips MJ, Krackow KA. Acute sciatic and femoral neuritis following total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83-A:589–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Desai AS, Dramis A, Board TN. Leg length discrepancy after total hip arthroplasty: a review of literature. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2013;6:336–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Woo RYG, Morrey BF. Dislocations after total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64:1295–306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Amstutz AM, Jinnah RH, Mail L. Revision of aseptic losse total hip arthorplasties. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982;170:21–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Rolser J, Perka C. The effect of anatomical relationships on kinetic parameters after total hip replacement. Int Orthop. 2000;24:23–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Ranawat CS. The pants too short, the leg too long! Orthopaedics. 1999;22:845–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hofmann AA, Skrzynski MC. Leg length inequality and nerve palsy in total hip arthroplasty: a lawyer awaits! Orthopaeics. 2000;23:943–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Maloney WJ, Keeney JA. Leg length discrepancy after total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplast. 2004;19:108–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Plaass C, Clauss M, Ochsner PE, Ilchmann T. Influence of leg length discrepancy on clinical results after total hip arthroplasty – a pospective clinical trial. Hio Int. 2011;21:441–9.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

A special thank goes to the team of the Radiological Institute for performing the x-rays.

Funding

This research was funded by Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department for Joint Replacement, Rheumatoid and General Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinic Markgröningen, Kurt-Lindemann-Weg 10, 71706, Markgröningen, Germany

    Bernd Fink, Mohamed Morgan & Philipp Schuster

  2. Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany

    Bernd Fink

  3. Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical Private University, Clinic Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany

    Philipp Schuster

Authors
  1. Bernd Fink
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohamed Morgan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Philipp Schuster
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors ensured that they had furnished a substantial contribution to the article and that they are in agreement with form and contents of the manuscript. BF and MM were equally involved in the paper and both are first author. BF and MM analyzed and interpreted the patient data regarding the scientific relevance and wrote the article. BF supervised the study as chairman of the department. MM was responsible for sample analysis. PS made the statistical analysis of the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bernd Fink.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. All experimental protocols were approved by the research ethic board of the Landesärztekammer Badenwürttemberg (committee’s reference number F-2017-085) and all subjects gave written informed consent to participate in the study.

Consent for publication

All patients consented to publish personal data in an anonymized form.

Competing interests

The author B.F. is a consultant of Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany and of ZimmerBiomet GmbH, Winterthur, Switzerland. All other authors have no competing interest to declare.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fink, B., Morgan, M. & Schuster, P. Reconstruction of the anatomy of the hip in total hip arthroplasty with two different kinds of stems. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 23, 212 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-022-05152-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-022-05152-9

Keywords

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2474

Contact us