Skip to main content
Download PDF

Direct reduction of high-grade lumbosacral spondylolisthesis with anterior cantilever technique - surgical technique note and preliminary results

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders volume 22, Article number: 559 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Backgrounds

Surgical reduction for high-grade spondylolisthesis is beneficial for restoring sagittal balance and improving the biomechanical environment for arthrodesis. Compared to posterior total laminectomy and long instrumentation, anterior lumbar inter-body fusion (ALIF) is less invasive and has the biomechanical advantage of restoring the original disk height and increasing lumbar lordosis, thus improving sagittal balance. However, the application of ALIF is still limited in treating low-grade spondylolisthesis. In this study, we developed a new technique termed anterior cantilever procedure to directly reduce the slippage of high-grade lumbosacral spondylolisthesis. The purpose of our study was to investigate the surgical outcomes of the anterior cantilever procedure followed by ALIF and posterior mono-segment instrumented fixation in high-grade spondylolisthesis.

Methods

All patients with high-grade spondylolisthesis who underwent anterior cantilever procedure followed by anterior lumbar inter-body fusion (ALIF) and posterior mono-segment instrumented fixation between November 2006 and July 2017 were enrolled in our study. The slip percentage, Dubousset’s lumbosacral angle, pelvic tilt, sacral slope, pelvic incidence, and sagittal alignment were measured pre-operatively and postoperatively at the last follow-up. Surgery time, blood loss, complications, and hospital stay were also collected and analysed.

Results

A total of 11 consecutive patients with high-grade spondylolisthesis patients were included and analysed. All of the high-grade spondylolisthesis in our series occurred at the L5-S1 level. The median age was 37 years, and the median follow-up duration was 36 months. The average slip reduction was 30% (60 to 30%, P < 0.01), and the average correction of Dubousset’s lumbosacral angle was 13.8° (84.1° to 97.9°, P < 0.01). The median intra-operative blood loss was 300 mL. All patients attained improved sagittal balance after the operation and achieved solid fusion within 9 months after surgery. No incidences of implant failure, permanent neurological deficit, or pseudarthrosis were recorded at the last follow-up.

Conclusions

Anterior cantilever procedure followed by ALIF and posterior mono-segment instrumented fixation is a valid procedure for treating high-grade spondylolisthesis. It achieved a high fusion rate, partially reduced slippage, and significantly improved lumbosacral angle, while minimizing common complications, such as pseudarthrosis, nerve traction injury, excessive soft tissue dissection, and blood loss in posterior reduction procedures. However, posterior instrumentation is still required to the structural stability in the ALIF procedure.

Level of evidence

IV

Peer Review reports

Backgrounds

High-grade spondylolisthesis is defined as slips greater than 50% and Meyerding grade III or higher. It is a rare condition accounting for approximately 1% of all spinal spondylolisthesis cases [1]. Theoretically, surgical reduction of spondylolisthesis restores sagittal balance, improves the biomechanical environment for arthrodesis, maintains stable standing position with a minimum expenditure, and decreases the compensatory mechanism of the hip and knee [2,3,4]. However, the role of surgical reduction in high-grade spondylolisthesis is still controversial because of its potential complications, including neurologic deficits, prolonged operative time, and implant failure [5,6,7,8]. In a recent study which evaluated the effect of surgical reduction from 60 high-grade spondylolisthesis patients, surgical reduction in high- to low-grade slip was found to be more effective for maintaining and restoring a normal pelvic balance postoperatively [9].

In comparison to posterior total laminectomy and long instrumentation, anterior lumbar inter-body fusion (ALIF) has the following advantages in the treatment of high-grade spondylolisthesis patients: low possibility of neural injury during the operation; biomechanical simplicity to widen the vertebral bodies to their original disk height, to restore the lumbar lordosis as well as the sagittal balance; comparatively less blood loss; short hospital stay; low complication rate; and a high fusion rate. In order to attain the abovementioned advantages, some authors advocated ALIF and percutaneous pedicle screws to treat isthmic spondylolisthesis [10,11,12]. Though good to excellent results have been reported, to date, the application of ALIF is still limited in the treatment of low-grade lumbar spondylolisthesis [11,12,13].

In this study, we developed a reduction technique termed “anterior cantilever procedure” to reduce high-grade spondylolisthesis via the anterior approach. The anterior cantilever procedure followed by ALIF and posterior mono-segment instrumented fixation may correct the deformity and reduce the nerve injury risk during the operation in high-grade spondylolisthesis. The purpose of our study was to introduce the surgical technique and investigate the surgical outcomes of this approach.

Methods

Patient enrollment

The medical and radiographic records of patients with symptomatic high-grade lumbosacral spondylolisthesis who underwent anterior cantilever procedure followed by ALIF and posterior mono-segment instrumented fixation between November 2006 and July 2017 were collected retrospectively.

The inclusion criteria were patients with normal mental health and a complete set of data from the functional status questionnaires and measurements used in this study. The exclusion criteria were pathologic fractures, previous lumbar spine surgery, or diagnosis of degenerative scoliosis.

Data collection

All patients had preoperative radiographs, spinal computed tomography (CT) scans, as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine. Dynamic lumbar spine radiography was done to confirm the diagnosis. The determination of fusion success was independently assessed by a blinded radiologist according to the following criteria: the absence of motion between the fusion segments on lateral flexion-extension views, no radiolucency in the disc space and formation of a bone bridge connecting the vertebral bodies above and below.

Radiographic parameters included slip percentage, Dubousset’s lumbosacral angle (LSA) [14], sacral slope (SS), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT) [2], lumbar lordosis (LL), and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) [15]. All parameters were on the picture archiving and communication system.

Functional status questionnaires including the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analogue scale (VAS), and European Quality of Life questionnaire (EQ-5D) were used to assess the preoperative and postoperative functional status. All data were collected by a blinded observer who had 3 years’ experience of spinal surgery.

Surgical technique

All patients completed the two-stage operation under general anaesthesia on the same day. The first stage was ALIF with anterior cantilever procedure; the second stage was posterior mono-segment instrumented fixation.

In the first stage of the operation, the patient was positioned supine on the radiolucent operating Table. A lateral radiograph by C-arm was obtained for marking the L5-S1 level; the abdomen was then prepared and draped following a standard sterile procedure. A straight midline incision of approximately 8 cm was made in the lower abdomen and the abdominal muscles were gently spread apart; the retroperitoneum was approached with blunt dissection and the peritoneal sac was retracted to the right. The psoas muscle and iliac vessels were then visualised and carefully retracted laterally. After the L5-S1 level was identified, specific retractors for anterior approach were used to maintain the exposure. The median sacral vessels were coagulated with bipolar coagulation forceps and the anterior cantilever procedure was performed after removal of the anterior longitudinal ligament, thickened fibrotic anterior annulus, and anterior disc (Fig. 1A). The anterior cantilever procedure for spondylolisthesis reduction was initiated by inserting a Cobb elevator blade to open and clear the middle and posterior parts of the disc (Fig. 1B). After completing meticulous endplate preparation (Fig. 1C), a trial cage was inserted temporarily to dilate the disc space and the L5-S1 facet joints were then removed (Fig. 1D). A Cobb elevator blade was then placed at the posterior margin of the sacral dome as a hinge (Fig. 1E). The Cobb elevator was elevated superiorly working as a cantilever to further release the tension of the posterior annulus and reduce the slippage (Fig. 1F).

Fig. 1
figure1

Graphic illustration of the operative process. A The L5-S1 level was identified, and the anterior longitudinal ligament, annulus fibrosis, and partial disc were removed. B First cantilever: open anterior disc space. C Complete discectomy and endplate preparation. D The disc space was dilated, the foramen height was restored, and the posterior facet joints were open or mobilised by the trial cage. E The Cobb elevator blade was placed into the posterior surface of the sacral dome as a hinge. F Second cantilever: the posterior elements were released, and spondylolisthesis was reduced. G Anterior lumbar inter-body fusion. H Supplemented with posterior instrumentation using the Wiltse approach

Full size image

The resistance of L5, S1 and the posterior complex was gradually released after performing repetitive anterior cantilever procedure 3–5 times (Fig. 2). Care should be taken during placement of the Cobb elevator blade at the posterior margin of the sacral dome to prevent intrusion into the dura.

Fig. 2
figure2

Images of the representative case. A Pre-operative plain films revealed Dubousset’s lumbosacral angle (LSA) of 66° and slip percentage of 75%. B Magnetic resonance image showing a thickened anterior portion of the L5-S1 annulus and reduced disc signal intensity. C At 9 months postoperatively, plain films of case 1 showed correction of the L5-S1 spondylolisthesis and solid inter-body fusion (black arrow)

Full size image

After appropriate release of the L5-S1 space with the anterior cantilever procedure, a large, wedge-shaped lordotic design cage with autogenous bone marrow aspirate and allogenous cancellous bone graft as the bone supplement in cage, can be symmetrically placed at the desired level (Fig. 1G). Finally, the position of the inter-body cage and reduction of the L5-S1 spondylolisthesis were confirmed via C-arm fluoroscopy. Two 3.5-mm cancellous screws were inserted at the anterior corner of the S1 endplate to prevent cage dislocation during repositioning for posterior instrumentation. After checking for bleeders and removal of retractors, the wound was closed layer by layer.

In the second stage of operation, the patient was placed in the prone position, a posterior midline skin incision was made, and Wiltse muscle-sparing approach was adopted. The pedicle screws were bilaterally inserted into the L5 and S1 pedicles and two lordotic rods were placed in a suitable position. The pedicle screws and rods were carefully compressed to create lumbar lordosis (Fig. 1H). The screw position and lumbar spine alignment were confirmed via C-arm fluoroscopy; the posterior approach was then closed. In patients with severe central stenosis, laminectomy was performed to relieve the symptoms. Postoperative plain radiographs were obtained at regular intervals to assess inter-body fusion and slip correction (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
figure3

Repetitve anterior cantilever procedure restored the lumbar lordosis and the foraminal height. A Dubousset’s LSA increased gradually during the anterior cantilever procedure (steps 1–4). B The pars interarticularis was obviously distracted (white arrow) with increased foraminal height

Full size image

Postoperative evaluation

Patients were followed up at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after operation. Knight-spinal lumbosacral orthosis application was used for 8 weeks postoperatively.

Postoperative Dubousset’s lumbosacral angle (LSA) [14], sacral slope (SS), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT) [2], lumbar lordosis (LL) and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) [15], Functional status questionnaires including the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analogue scale (VAS), and European Quality of Life questionnaire (EQ-5D) were measured at the last postoperative follow-up visit. The clinical outcome was graded according to the modified Macnab criteria.

Statistical analysis

Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (Version 20.0; Chicago, Illinois). Univariate analysis was performed using frequencies for descriptive statistics. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were used in the analysis of categorical variables. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was used in the analysis of paired variables. Correlations were considered significant if p values were less than 0.05 (two-sided).

Results

A total of 11 patients (10 female patient and 1 male patient) with high-grade lumbosacral spondylolisthesis met the including criteria were included in our study. All of the high-grade spondylolisthesis in our series occurred at the L5-S1 level. The demographic data is demonstrated in Table 1. The median follow-up time was 36 (26–45) months. There were one case of grade 4 and 10 of grade 3 spondylolisthesis. The average age of patients was 37 (16–69) years, and the median body mass index was 22.95 (18.3–29.7) kg/m2. The median blood loss was 300 (100–900) mL, median surgical time of the two-stage surgery was 386 (165–555) minutes, and the median hospital stay was 7 (6–9) days.

Table 1 Demographic of 11 patients with high-grade spondylolisthesis
Full size table

The radiographic outcomes of 11 patients are shown in Table 2. Compared to pre-operative data, significant improvements were observed in slip percentage, Dubousset’s LSA, LL, and PI-LL mismatch (P < 0.05) in postoperative data. Improvements were also observed in pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence, sacral slope, and SVA. However, these changes did not reach statistical significance.

Table 2 Changes in pre- and postoperative radiographic parameters pre-operative and postoperative data
Full size table

The functional outcomes of 11 patients are shown in Table 3. Significant improvements in radiographic outcomes were observed in all functional scores including EQ-5D, VAS, and ODI (P < 0.05).

Table 3 Changes in pre- and postoperative radiographic parameters
Full size table

The radiographic changes on the lateral view of spine are displayed in Fig. 4. The SVA had improved from 60.7 mm before surgery to 42.6 mm at the final follow-up; excellent spine sagittal balance was achieved in this patient. Throughout the surgery, no iatrogenic tears of the dura, vessel injury, or peritoneum tears occurred.

Fig. 4
figure4

Pre-operative and postoperative standing lateral full-length radiographs of a representative case. The C7 plumb line (C7PL, black line) and the sagittal vertical axis (SVA, white dotted line). A Pre-operative standing lateral full-length radiography. B After surgery, the C7PL was moved backward through the sacrum with a decreased SC7D

Full size image

One patient developed neurological deficits after surgery; computed tomography indicated right lateral stenosis caused by a fragment of the pars interarticularis. Symptoms were alleviated after additional posterior hemilaminectomy decompression. All 11 patients achieved inter-body fusion in the reduced position within 9 months postoperatively. No screw loosening, cage dislodgement, or other type of implant failure had occurred.

According to the modified MacNab criteria, 6 patients (55%) achieved an excellent result, 4 patients (36%) a good result, and 1 patient (9%) a poor result. Ten patients (91%) were satisfied with this procedure (Table 4).

Table 4 Clinical outcomes according to modified Macnab criteria
Full size table

Discussion

The aim of this study was to investigate the surgical outcomes of the anterior cantilever procedure followed by ALIF and posterior mono-segment instrumented fixation for the treatment of high-grade spondylolisthesis. Our findings suggest that this procedure is a valid technique for improving slip percentage, lumbar lordosis, Dubousset’s LSA, PI-LL mismatch, and functional status for high-grade spondylolisthesis patients with a low complication rate and blood loss.

Traditionally, surgical reduction of high-grade spondylolisthesis can only be achieved via the posterior approach [9, 16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Min et al. described single-stage posterior reduction with sacral dome resection in 15 patients, reporting that slip percentage had improved from 94 to 23% [16]. Shufflebarger et al. reported a slip percentage improvement from 77 to 13% in 18 patients [18]. Although greater percentages of slip reduction compared with that achieved in our study have been reported, large wounds, extensive back muscle detachment, massive osteotomies, and excessive neural retraction are inevitable, which may increase postoperative pain and recovery time [24, 25]. Complications rates of pseudarthrosis and neurologic injury as high as 13 and 48%, respectively, have been reported [26].

Poor clinical results and high complication rates have been reported, especially in patients with extremely narrow intervertebral spaces [27,28,29,30,31]. In these patients, the severe adhesion caused by scar tissue is hard to remove and it is difficult to distract the vertebral bodies by the pedicle screw system alone [32,33,34,35]. The excessive distraction and sharing force from high LSA may cause loosening of the pedicle screw and vertebral fractures [36]. Thus, longer instruments for fixation of L4–5-S1 are usually necessary to hold the reduction position in high-grade spondylolisthesis when using posterior approach procedures [22]. However, in our cases, a high fusion rate and a low implant failure rate were achieved using mono-segment instrumented fixation alone. The reason may be that the anteriorly-inserted large lordotic cage shifts the shearing force to a compression force between L5-S1, and provides a relatively larger contact area to improve the inter-body stability [37, 38].

The anterior approach for surgical treatment of spondylolisthesis was first mentioned by Capener in 1932 [39]. In 1979, Bradford performed 10 cases of combined posterior and anterior reduction of spondylolisthesis by means of an anteriorly placed plate, which engages two screws. In Bradford’s surgery, posterior decompression was performed first to remove the obstruction to reduction, then, anterior reduction and plating were performed. However, performing decompression first may increase the risk of nerve injury. Employing this technique, root injuries in up to 30% of cases were recorded [40].

To solve this problem, we developed the anterior cantilever procedure for surgical reduction. In our technique, the anterior approach with cantilever technique was performed before decompression (Fig. 1B and C). A trial cage was used to dilate the disc space and mobile posterior element (Fig. 1G). Consequently, a partial reduction was easily and safely achieved using a Cobb elevator. Additionally, the anteriorly-inserted lordotic cages provided adequate anterior lengthening and posterior shortening, resulting in increased LSA and decompression of the nerve, thereby decreasing the risk of L5 root stretch injury, which may occur in posterior reduction procedures (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5
figure5

The picture demonstrates the anterior approach with partial slip reduction and the posterior approach with near complete slip reduction. A L5-S1 high-grade spondylolithesis (B) ALIF lordosis cage provides sufficient anterior lengthening and posterior shortening (black arrow), achieving partial reduction, increasing LSA, and reducing L5 nerve root traction injury. C The posterior approach can almost completely reduce slips, but insufficient LSA and lordosis may cause L5 nerve root traction injury. Posterior instrumentation has been omitted from the above pictures

Full size image

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the detailed surgical technique and the surgical outcomes of anterior cantilever technique and ALIF for the treatment of high-grade spondylolisthesis. With minimally invasive nature, ALIF and percutaneous screw fixation has become increasingly popular for the treatment for spondylolisthesis in the present time. Lee et al. performed ALIF and posterior percutaneous pedicle screw fixation in 73 patients. They reported a satisfactory outcome rate of 94.5%, a fusion rate of 97.3%, and a complication rate of 8.2% [11]. Kim and Lee performed ALIF alone in 20 patients and reported a satisfactory outcome rate of 85% and a fusion rate of 90% [41]. Our satisfactory outcome rate (91%), fusion rate (100%), and complication rate (9%) were similar to those of studies in which low-grade spondylolisthesis was treated with ALIF alone or ALIF with posterior instrumentation. In our study, the fusion rate (100%) is relative high among the similar studies [10,11,12,13, 41]. The reason may be that all of our cases undergone posterior instrumentation. The intervertebral body fusion is not the only way to obtain absence of motion, it can be guaranteed also by pedicular screws and bars. This suggests that followed by ALIF and posterior mono-segment instrumented fixation is an effective and safe procedure for treatment of high-grade spondylolisthesis.

There are two main challenges when performing this technique. First, the common iliac vessels may be injured during the ALIF procedure. There should be an experienced vascular surgeon standing by during the procedure. Second, there may be a risk of cage dislodgement while repositioning the patient into the prone position. Two 3.5-mm cancellous screws at the anterior superior corner to serve as prophylactic anti-dislocation screws are sometimes needed in our experience. (Fig. 3C).

Although complete reduction was not achieved in our series, correct sagittal alignment and restoration of the LSA, which are more important for decreasing the shear force and increasing the fusion rate, could be achieved [42]. In a cadaveric study by Petraco et al. [43], while L5 reached full reduction, the strain per increment of reduction increased rapidly, subsequently increasing the risk of stretch injury to the L5 nerve; partial reduction may thus be safer than complete reduction. In our cases, the average postoperative LSA was 97.9°, which successfully corrected the lumbosacral kyphosis to lordosis and was in the range of postoperative LSA, which was treated with posterior reduction procedures (96–106°) [16, 22, 44].

In a literature review of surgical reduction of high-grade spondylolisthesis, posterior reduction resulted in higher blood loss than in situ fusion (584 mL vs 451 mL) [26]. In our study, blood loss mainly occurred during the procedure for posterior mono-segment instrument fixation. The average blood loss was 300 mL in our study, which was less than that of in situ fusion via posterior approach.

This study has several limitations, as well as bias, which needs to be corrected in future studies. First, due to the retrospective nature of this case series, we did not have a control group and some parameters that may affect the clinical results, such as mental status and bone mineral density, were not included in our analysis. Second, the case number was small in our study, and thus some parameters, such as pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence, sacral slope, and SVA did not reach statistical significance, future studies with larger case numbers are warranted to investigate the surgical effects of these parameters. Third, neurophysiologic monitoring was not used during the anterior cantilever procedure in our study because neurophysiologic monitoring equipment was not available 10 or more years ago. Nevertheless, ALIF was reported to have a low possibility of neural injury during the operation [11]. Only one patient developed neurological deficits after the surgery. Neurophysiologic monitoring equipment should be used during high-grade spondylolisthesis procedures in future surgeries.

Conclusions

Anterior cantilever procedure followed by ALIF and posterior mono-segment instrumented fixation is a valid procedure for treating high-grade spondylolisthesis. This novel technique achieved a high fusion rate, partially reduced slippage, and significantly improved lumbosacral angle, while minimizing common complications, such as pseudarthrosis and nerve traction injury, as well as excessive soft tissue dissection and blood loss in posterior reduction procedures. However, posterior instrumentation is still required to the structural stability of the ALIF procedure.

Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

LSA:

Dubousset’s lumbosacral angle

SS:

Sacral slope

PI:

Pelvic incidence

PT:

Pelvic tilt

LL:

Lumbar lordosis

SVA:

Sagittal vertical axis

References

  1. 1.

    West S, King V, Carey T, Lohr K, McKoy N, Sutton S, et al. Systems to rate the strength of scientific evidence: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2002.

  2. 2.

    Labelle H, Roussouly P, Berthonnaud E, Transfeldt E, O'Brien M, Chopin D, et al. Spondylolisthesis, pelvic incidence, and spinopelvic balance: a correlation study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(18):2049–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. 3.

    Hresko MT, Hirschfeld R, Buerk AA, Zurakowski D. The effect of reduction and instrumentation of spondylolisthesis on spinopelvic sagittal alignment. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29(2):157–62.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. 4.

    Bourghli A, Aunoble S, Reebye O, Le Huec JC. Correlation of clinical outcome and spinopelvic sagittal alignment after surgical treatment of low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(Suppl 5):663–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  5. 5.

    Edwards CC, Bradford DS. Instrumented reduction of spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994;19(13):1535–7.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  6. 6.

    Hoel RJ, Brenner RM, Polly DW Jr. The Challenge of Creating Lordosis in High-Grade Dysplastic Spondylolisthesis. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2018;29(3):375–87.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. 7.

    Joelson A, Danielson BI, Hedlund R, Wretenberg P, Frennered K. Sagittal Balance and Health-Related Quality of Life Three Decades After in Situ Arthrodesis for High-Grade Isthmic Spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100(16):1357–65.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. 8.

    Molinari RW, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Ungacta FF, Riew KD. Complications in the surgical treatment of pediatric high-grade, isthmic dysplastic spondylolisthesis. A comparison of three surgical approaches. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(16):1701–11.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  9. 9.

    Alzakri A, Labelle H, Hresko MT, Parent S, Sucato DJ, Lenke LG, et al. Restoration of normal pelvic balance from surgical reduction in high-grade spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J. 2019;28(9):2087–94.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. 10.

    Ishihara H, Osada R, Kanamori M, Kawaguchi Y, Ohmori K, Kimura T, et al. Minimum 10-year follow-up study of anterior lumbar interbody fusion for isthmic spondylolisthesis. J Spinal Disord. 2001;14(2):91–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. 11.

    Lee SH, Choi WG, Lim SR, Kang HY, Shin SW. Minimally invasive anterior lumbar interbody fusion followed by percutaneous pedicle screw fixation for isthmic spondylolisthesis. Spine J. 2004;4(6):644–9.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. 12.

    Kim JS, Choi WG, Lee SH. Minimally invasive anterior lumbar interbody fusion followed by percutaneous pedicle screw fixation for isthmic spondylolisthesis: minimum 5-year follow-up. Spine J. 2010;10(5):404–9.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. 13.

    Alhammoud A, Schroeder G, Aldahamsheh O, Alkhalili K, Lendner M, Moghamis IS, et al. Functional and Radiological Outcomes of Combined Anterior-Posterior Approach Versus Posterior Alone in Management of Isthmic Spondylolisthesis. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Spine Surg. 2019;13(3):230–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  14. 14.

    Dubousset J. Treatment of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents. Clini Orthop Relat Res. 1997;337:77–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. 15.

    Le Huec JC, Saddiki R, Franke J, Rigal J, Aunoble S. Equilibrium of the human body and the gravity line: the basics. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(Suppl 5):558–63.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  16. 16.

    Min K, Liebscher T, Rothenfluh D. Sacral dome resection and single-stage posterior reduction in the treatment of high-grade high dysplastic spondylolisthesis in adolescents and young adults. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(Suppl 6):S785–91.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  17. 17.

    Vialle R, Charosky S, Padovani JP, Rigault P, Glorion C. Surgical treatment of high-grade lumbosacral spondylolisthesis in childhood, adolescent and young adult by the "double-plate" technique: a past experience. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(8):1210–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  18. 18.

    Shufflebarger HL, Geck MJ. High-grade isthmic dysplastic spondylolisthesis: monosegmental surgical treatment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(6 Suppl):S42–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. 19.

    Mehdian SH, Arun R. A new three-stage spinal shortening procedure for reduction of severe adolescent isthmic spondylolisthesis: a case series with medium- to long-term follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(11):E705–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. 20.

    Li P, Zhao Z, Jia N, Wang L, Sun Z, Jin X. A ball-slide-type interbody distractor is effective in posterior reduction and internal fixation for patients with mid- to high-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis enrolled in a randomized clinical trial. Medicine. 2019;98(47):e17947.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  21. 21.

    Pizones J, Izquierdo E, Núñez A, Sánchez-Mariscal F, Zúñiga L, Álvarez-González P. Posterior Transpedicular Fibular Grafts and Interferential Screws for the Surgical Treatment of L5-S1 Spondyloptosis: Case Report of Four Patients With 8.5 Years' Follow-Up. Spine deformity. 2013;1(4):306–12.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. 22.

    Lengert R, Charles YP, Walter A, Schuller S, Godet J, Steib JP. Posterior surgery in high-grade spondylolisthesis. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2014;100(5):481–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. 23.

    Hart RA, Domes CM, Goodwin B, D'Amato CR, Yoo JU, Turker RJ, et al. High-grade spondylolisthesis treated using a modified Bohlman technique: results among multiple surgeons. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;20(5):523–30.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. 24.

    Poussa M, Schlenzka D, Seitsalo S, Ylikoski M, Hurri H, Osterman K. Surgical treatment of severe isthmic spondylolisthesis in adolescents. Reduction or fusion in situ. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1993;18(7):894–901.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  25. 25.

    Papagelopoulos PJ, Peterson HA, Ebersold MJ, Emmanuel PR, Choudhury SN, Quast LM. Spinal column deformity and instability after lumbar or thoracolumbar laminectomy for intraspinal tumors in children and young adults. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997;22(4):442–51.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  26. 26.

    Lak AM, Abunimer AM, Devi S, Chawla S, Aydin L, Tafel I, et al. Reduction versus In Situ Fusion for Adult High-Grade Spondylolisthesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg. 2020.

  27. 27.

    Thirukumaran CP, Raudenbush B, Li Y, Molinari R, Rubery P, Mesfin A. National Trends in the Surgical Management of Adult Lumbar Isthmic Spondylolisthesis: 1998 to 2011. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41(6):490–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. 28.

    Schar RT, Sutter M, Mannion AF, Eggspuhler A, Jeszenszky D, Fekete TF, et al. Outcome of L5 radiculopathy after reduction and instrumented transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion of high-grade L5-S1 isthmic spondylolisthesis and the role of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. Eur Spine J. 2017;26(3):679–90.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. 29.

    Sato J, Ohtori S, Orita S, Yamauchi K, Eguchi Y, Ochiai N, et al. Radiographic evaluation of indirect decompression of mini-open anterior retroperitoneal lumbar interbody fusion: oblique lateral interbody fusion for degenerated lumbar spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J. 2017;26(3):671–8.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. 30.

    Pooswamy S, Muralidharagopalan NR, Subbaiah S. Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion versus instrumented posterolateral fusion in Grade I/II spondylolisthesis. Indian J Orthop. 2017;51(2):131–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  31. 31.

    Kotil K. Replacement of Vertebral Lamina (Laminoplasty) in Surgery for Lumbar Isthmic Spondylolisthesis: 5-Year Follow-Up Results. Asian Spine J. 2016;10(3):443–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  32. 32.

    Vialle R, Benoist M. High-grade lumbosacral spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents: pathogenesis, morphological analysis, and therapeutic strategy. Joint Bone Spine. 2007;74(5):414–7.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. 33.

    McAfee PC, DeVine JG, Chaput CD, Prybis BG, Fedder IL, Cunningham BW, et al. The indications for interbody fusion cages in the treatment of spondylolisthesis: analysis of 120 cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(6 Suppl):S60–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. 34.

    Chen L, Yang H, Tang T. Cage migration in spondylolisthesis treated with posterior lumbar interbody fusion using BAK cages. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(19):2171–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. 35.

    Fourney DR, Prabhu SS, Cohen ZR, Gokaslan ZL, Rhines LD. Early sacral stress fracture after reduction of spondylolisthesis and lumbosacral fixation: case report. Neurosurgery. 2002;51(6):1507–10 discussion 1510–1501.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. 36.

    Shedid D, Weil AG, Lieberman I. A novel minimally invasive technique for the treatment of high-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis using a posterior transsacral rod. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2014;27(2):E41–8.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  37. 37.

    Niemeyer TK, Koriller M, Claes L, Kettler A, Werner K, Wilke HJ. In vitro study of biomechanical behaviorof anteriorand transforaminal lumbarinterbody instrumentation techniques. Neurosurgery. 2006;59(6):1271–7.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  38. 38.

    Tsantrizos A, Andreou A, Aebi M, Steffen T. Biomechanical stability of five stand-alone anterior lumbar interbody fusion constructs. Eur Spine J. 2000;9(1):14–22.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  39. 39.

    Capener N. Spondylolisthesis. Br J Surg. 1932;19(75):374–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. 40.

    Bradford DS. Treatment of severe spondylolisthesis. A combined approach for reduction and stabilization. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1979;4(5):423–9.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  41. 41.

    Kim NH, Lee JW. Anterior interbody fusion versus posterolateral fusion with transpedicular fixation for isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults. A comparison of clinical results. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(8):812–6 discussion 817.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  42. 42.

    Wang W, Aubin C-E, Cahill P, Baran G, Arnoux P-J, Parent S, et al. Biomechanics of high-grade spondylolisthesis with and without reduction. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2016;54(4):619–28.

    PubMed  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. 43.

    Petraco DM, Spivak JM, Cappadona JG, Kummer FJ, Neuwirth MG. An anatomic evaluation of L5 nerve stretch in spondylolisthesis reduction. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996;21(10):1133–8 discussion 1139.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  44. 44.

    Lamartina C, Zavatsky JM, Petruzzi M, Specchia N. Novel concepts in the evaluation and treatment of high-dysplastic spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J. 2009;18(Suppl 1):133–42.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Code availability

Not applicable.

Funding

 The work was supported by Taichung Veterans General Hospital study program No. TCVGH-1095101B. 

Author information

Author notes

  1. Kao-Chang Tu, Cheng-Min Shih and Cheng-En Hsu are contributed equally to this work as the first author.

Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Sect. 4, Taichung, 40705, Taiwan

    Kao-Chang Tu, Cheng-Min Shih, Kun-Hui Chen, Chien-Chou Pan, Cheng-En Hsu & Cheng-Hung Lee

  2. PhD Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan

    Cheng-Min Shih

  3. Department of Physical Therapy, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Cheng-Min Shih

  4. Department of Nursing, Jenteh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan

    Kun-Hui Chen

  5. Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, College of Computing and Informatics, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Kun-Hui Chen

  6. Department of Rehabilitation Science, Jenteh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan

    Chien-Chou Pan

  7. Department of Computer Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Fuu-Cheng Jiang

  8. Sports Recreation and Health Management Continuing Studies-Bachelor’s Degree Completion Program, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Cheng-En Hsu

  9. Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

    Yun-Ming Wang

  10. Department of Food Science and Technology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Cheng-Hung Lee

Authors
  1. Kao-Chang Tu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cheng-Min Shih
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kun-Hui Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chien-Chou Pan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Fuu-Cheng Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Cheng-En Hsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yun-Ming Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Cheng-Hung Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

KCT and CEH participated in the design of the study. CMS carried out the measurements. KHC, CCP, FCJ and YMW carried out the statistical analysis. CHL, KCT and CEH conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, and drafted the manuscript. KCT, CMS and CEH contributed equally to this study. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cheng-Hung Lee.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study design was ethically approved by Taichung Veterans General Hospital institutional review board. The study design was approved by the Taichung Veterans General Hospital institutional review board (TCVGH approval no. CE19300B). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.

Informed consent was waived as this was a retrospective study and chart review which was approved by the Taichung Veterans General Hospital institutional review board.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tu, KC., Shih, CM., Chen, KH. et al. Direct reduction of high-grade lumbosacral spondylolisthesis with anterior cantilever technique - surgical technique note and preliminary results. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 22, 559 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04439-7

Download citation

Keywords

  • Cantilever
  • High grade spondylolisthesis
  • Mono-segment instrumentation
  • Reduction
  • Sagittal balance
  • Severe spondylolisthesis

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2474

Contact us