Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Bleasel J, York J, Das A, McAuley JH. Prognosis of acute low back pain: design of a prospective inception cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;7:54.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Downie A, Williams CM, Henschke N, Hancock MJ, Ostelo RWJG, de Vet HCW, Macaskill P, Irwig L, van Tulder MW, Koes BW, et al. Red flags to screen for malignancy and fracture in patients with low back pain: systematic review. BMJ : British Med J. 2013;347.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Verhagen AP, Downie A, Popal N, Maher C, Koes BW. Red flags presented in current low back pain guidelines: a review. Eur Spine J. 2016;25(9):2788–802.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Underwood M, Buchbinder R. Red flags for back pain. BMJ. 2013;347:f7432.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cook CE, George SZ, Reiman MP. Red flag screening for low back pain: nothing to see here, move along: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med. 2017.
Ferguson F, Holdsworth L Fau Rafferty D, Rafferty D: Low back pain and physiotherapy use of red flags: the evidence from Scotland. (1873–1465 (Electronic)).
Pigrau-Serrallach C, Rodríguez-Pardo D. Bone and joint tuberculosis. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(4):556–66.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nagashima H, Tanishima S, Tanida A. Diagnosis and management of spinal infections. J Orthop Sci. 2018;23(1):8–13.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wainwright A: Infections of the spine. In: Management of low back pain in primary care. 1 edn. Edited by Richard Bartley PC. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001: 99.
Sapico FL, Montgomerie JZ. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: report of nine cases and review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis. 1979;1(5):754–76.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McHenry MC, Easley KA, Locker GA. Vertebral osteomyelitis: long-term outcome for 253 patients from 7 Cleveland-area hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(10):1342–50.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hadjipavlou AG, Mader JT, Necessary JT, Muffoletto AJ. Hematogenous pyogenic spinal infections and their surgical management. Spine. 2000;25(13):1668–79.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Amadoru S, Lim K, Tacey M, Aboltins C. Spinal infections in older people: an analysis of demographics, presenting features, microbiology and outcomes. Intern Med J. 2017;47(2):182–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Colmenero JD, Jiménez-Mejías ME, Sánchez-Lora FJ, Reguera JM, Palomino-Nicás J, Martos F, García de las Heras J, Pachón J. pyogenic, tuberculous, and brucellar vertebral osteomyelitis: a descriptive and comparative study of 219 cases. Ann Rheum Dis 1997, 56(12):709–715.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bhise V, Meyer AND, Singh H, Wei L, Russo E, Al-Mutairi A, Murphy DR. Errors in diagnosis of spinal epidural abscesses in the era of electronic health records. Am J Med. 2017;130(8):975–81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Singh H, Schiff GD, Graber ML, Onakpoya I, Thompson MJ. The global burden of diagnostic errors in primary care. BMJ Quality & Safety. 2016.
Quraishi NA, Hammett TC, Todd DB, Bhutta MA, Kapoor V. Malpractice litigation and the spine: the NHS perspective on 235 successful claims in England. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(Suppl 2):S196–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Society MP: The Rising Costs of Clinical Negligence: Who pays the Price? In.; 2017.
Organization WH: Medication errors. In.; 2016.
Pope JV, Edlow JA. Avoiding misdiagnosis in patients with neurological emergencies. Emerg Med Int. 2012;2012:949275.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liou LM, Shih PY. Epidural abscess of the cervical spine with atypical manifestations: a report of two cases. Neurologist. 2007;13(4):215–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Patel D, Baron EM, Enochs WS, Ruth C, Harrop JS, Vaccaro AR. Spinal epidural abscess mimicking lymphoma: a case report. Orthopedics. 2008;31(4):402.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khoriati A, Kitson J, Deol RS. Cervical spinal abscess: an insidious presentation and unusual pathology. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2012;94(6):e184–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Furlan AD, Pennick V, Bombardier C, van Tulder M. Group ftEBotCBR: 2009 updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Back review group. Spine. 2009;34(18):1929–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turgut M. Spinal tuberculosis (Pott’s disease): its clinical presentation, surgical management, and outcome. A survey study on 694 patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2001;24(1):8–13.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goel V, Young JB, Patterson CJ. Infective discitis as an uncommon but important cause of back pain in older people. Age Ageing. 2000;29(5):454–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Edwards MA, Hawkins M, Alao D. Missing red flags in back pain--tuberculosis of the spine: an important differential for back pain in non-endemic countries. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013.
Quesnele J, Dufton J, Stern P. Spinal infection: a case report. J Canadian Chiropr Association. 2012;56(3):209–15.
Google Scholar
Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Bleasel J, York J, Das A, McAuley JH. Prevalence of and screening for serious spinal pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low back pain. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2009;60(10):3072–80.
Article
Google Scholar
Ferrari R. Imaging studies in patients with spinal pain: practice audit evaluation of choosing wisely Canada recommendations. Can Fam Physician. 2016;62(3):e129–37.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Enthoven WT, Geuze J, Scheele J, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Bueving HJ, Bohnen AM, Peul WC, van Tulder MW, Berger MY, Koes BW. Prevalence and “red flags” regarding specified causes of back pain in older adults presenting in general practice. Phys Ther. 2016;96(3):305–12.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zarrouk V, Feydy A, Sallès F, Dufour V, Guigui P, Redondo A, Fantin B. Imaging does not predict the clinical outcome of bacterial vertebral osteomyelitis. Rheumatol. 2007;46(2):292–5.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ledermann HP, Schweitzer ME, Morrison WB, Carrino JA. MR imaging findings in spinal infections: rules or myths? Radiology. 2003;228(2):506–14.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tsiang JT, Kinzy TG, Thompson N, Tanenbaum JE, Thakore NL, Khalaf T, Katzan IL. Sensitivity and specificity of patient-entered red flags for lower back pain. Spine J. 2019;19(2):293–300.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jacob C. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas. 1960;20(1):37–46.
Article
Google Scholar
Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33(1):159–74.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carragee EJ. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. JBJS. 1997;79(6):874–80.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kapsalaki E, Gatselis N, Stefos A, Makaritsis K, Vassiou A, Fezoulidis I, Dalekos GN. Spontaneous spondylodiscitis: presentation, risk factors, diagnosis, management, and outcome. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13(5):564–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Huang J-J, Ruaan M-K, Lan R-R, Wang M-C. Acute pyogenic iliopsoas abscess in Taiwan: clinical features, diagnosis, treatments and outcome. J Infect. 2000;40(3):248–55.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chelsom J, Solberg CO. Vertebral osteomyelitis at a Norwegian university hospital 1987-97: clinical features, laboratory findings and outcome. Scand J Infect Dis. 1998;30(2):147–51.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yilmaz E, Parlak M, Akalin H, Heper Y, Ozakin C, Mistik R, Oral B, Helvaci S, Tore O. Brucellar spondylitis - review of 25 cases. Jcr-J Clinical Rheumatol. 2004;10(6):300–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Yee DKH, Samartzis D, Wong Y-W, Luk KDK, Cheung KMC. Infective spondylitis in southern Chinese: a descriptive and comparative study of ninety-one cases. Spine. 2010;35(6):635–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Suzuki H, Shichi D, Tokuda Y, Ishikawa H, Maeno T, Nakamura H. Pneumococcal vertebral osteomyelitis at three teaching hospitals in Japan, 2003-2011: analysis of 14 cases and a review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13.
Tang HJ, Lin HJ, Liu YC, Li CM. Spinal epidural abscess--experience with 46 patients and evaluation of prognostic factors. J Inf Secur. 2002;45(2):76–81.
Google Scholar
Huang PY, Chen SF, Chang WN, Lu CH, Chuang YC, Tsai NW, Chang CC, Wang HC, Chien CC, Chen SH, et al. Spinal epidural abscess in adults caused by Staphylococcus aureus: clinical characteristics and prognostic factors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012;114(6):572–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Patel AR, Alton TB, Bransford RJ, Lee MJ, Bellabarba CB, Chapman JR. Spinal epidural abscesses: risk factors, medical versus surgical management, a retrospective review of 128 cases. Spine J. 2014;14(2):326–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kaya S, Ercan S, Aktas U, Kamasak K, Ozalp H, Cinar K, Duymus R, Boyaci MG, Akkoyun N, Eskazan AE, et al. Spondylodiscitis: evaluation of patients in a tertiary hospital. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8(10):1272–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Narváez J, Nolla JM, Narváez JA, Martinez-Carnicero L, De Lama E, Gómez-Vaquero C, Murillo O, Valverde J, Ariza J. Spontaneous pyogenic facet joint infection. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2006;35(5):272–83.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turunc T, Ziya Demiroglu Y, Uncu H, Colakoglu S, Arslan H. A comparative analysis of tuberculous, brucellar and pyogenic spontaneous spondylodiscitis patients. J Infect. 2007;55(2):158–63.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lu C-H, Chang W-N, Lui C-C, Lee P-Y, Chang H-W. Adult spinal epidural abscess: clinical features and prognostic factors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2002;104(4):306–10.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Last JM, Abramson JH, Freidman GD: A dictionary of epidemiology, vol. 4: Oxford University Press New York; 2001.
Title [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/clinical].
Davis DP, Wold RM, Patel RJ, Tran AJ, Tokhi RN, Chan TC, Vilke GM. The clinical presentation and impact of diagnostic delays on emergency department patients with spinal epidural abscess. J Emerg Med. 2004;26(3):285–91.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lam KS, Webb JK. Discitis. Hospital Med. 2004;65(5):280–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Hopkinson N, Stevenson J, Benjamin S. A case ascertainment study of septic discitis: clinical, microbiological and radiological features. QJM: Monthly J Association Phys. 2001;94(9):465–70.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sakeni RA, Al-Nimer MSM. Infectious discitis in adults: 9 years experience from Al-Yarmouk teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Int J Rheum Diseases. 2008;11(2):175–80.
Article
Google Scholar
Greenhalgh SS, J: Red Flags II: A Clinical Guide to Solving Serious Spinal Pathology: Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier. ; 2010.
Sciatica (lumbar radiculopathy) [https://cks.nice.org.uk/sciatica-lumbar-radiculopathy#!diagnosissub:1].
Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: a review of pathogenesis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(Suppl1):S27–36.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rolston KVI. Infections in Cancer patients with solid tumors: a review. Infect Dis Ther. 2017;6(1):69–83.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sadek MS, Abd-el-Hamid T, Hussein S. Infection in immunosuppressed patients. Chemioterapia: int j Mediterr Soc Chemother. 1984;3(1):19–24.
Google Scholar
Cohen J, Pinching A, Rees A, Peters D. Infection and immunosuppression: a study of the infective complications of 75 patients with immunologically-mediated disease. QJM: An Int J Med. 1982;51(1):1–15.
CAS
Google Scholar
Klemencsics I, Lazary A, Szoverfi Z, Bozsodi A, Eltes P, Varga PP. Risk factors for surgical site infection in elective routine degenerative lumbar surgeries. Spine J. 2016;16(11):1377–83.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chaudhary SB, Vives MJ, Basra SK, Reiter MF. Postoperative spinal wound infections and postprocedural diskitis. In: Taylor Francis. 2007.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cunningham ME, Girardi F, Papadopoulos EC, Cammisa FP. Spinal infections in patients with compromised immune systems. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;444:73–82.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Parchi PD, Evangelisti G, Andreani L, Girardi F, Darren L, Sama A, Lisanti M. Postoperative spine infections. Orthop Rev. 2015;7(3):5900.
Article
Google Scholar
Gelalis ID, Arnaoutoglou CM, Politis AN, Batzaleksis NA, Katonis PG, Xenakis TA. Bacterial wound contamination during simple and complex spinal procedures. A prospective clinical study. Spine J. 2011;11(11):1042–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sobottke R, Röllinghoff M, Zarghooni K, Zarghooni K, Schlüter-Brust K, Delank K-S, Seifert H, Zweig T, Eysel P. Spondylodiscitis in the elderly patient: clinical mid-term results and quality of life. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2010;130(9):1083–91.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mylona E, Samarkos M, Kakalou E, Fanourgiakis P, Skoutelis A. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: a systematic review of clinical characteristics. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2009;39(1):10–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stratton A, Gustafson K, Thomas K, James MT. Incidence and risk factors for failed medical management of spinal epidural abscess: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2017;26(1):81–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pertuiset E, Beaudreuil J, Lioté F, Horusitzky A, Kemiche F, Richette P, Clerc-Wyel D, Cerf-Payrastre I, Dorfmann H, Glowinski J. Spinal tuberculosis in adults. A study of 103 cases in a developed country, 1980-1994. Medicine. 1999;78(5):309–20.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Narasimhan P, Wood J, MacIntyre CR, Mathai D. Risk factors for tuberculosis. Pulmonary Medicine. 2013;2013:828939.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rubin DI. Epidemiology and risk factors for spine pain. Neurol Clin. 2007;25(2):353–71.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Uckay I, Dinh A, Vauthey L, Asseray N, Passuti N, Rottman M, Biziragusenyuka J, Riché A, Rohner P, Wendling D. Spondylodiscitis due to Propionibacterium acnes: report of twenty-nine cases and a review of the literature. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(4):353–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reihsaus E, Waldbaur H, Seeling W. Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2000;23(4):175–204.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Deyo RA, Rainville J, Kent DL. What can the history and physical examination tell us about low back pain? Jama. 1992;268(6):760–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Do Amaral LL, Nunes R, Rocha A: Parasitic and Rare Spinal Infections, vol. 25; 2015.
Irani DN. Aseptic Meningitis and Viral Myelitis. Neurologic clinics. 2008;26(3):635-viii.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kovacs GG, Budka H. Prion diseases: from protein to cell pathology. Am J Pathol. 2008;172(3):555–65.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Palestro CJ, Love C, Miller TT. Imaging of musculoskeletal infections. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006;20(6):1197–218.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Balériaux DL, Neugroschl C. Spinal and spinal cord infection. Eur Radiol Suppl. 2004;14(3):E72–83.
Article
Google Scholar
Cheung WY, Luk KDK. Pyogenic spondylitis. Int Orthop. 2012;36(2):397–404.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
An HS, Seldomridge JA. Spinal infections: diagnostic tests and imaging studies. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;444:27–33.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sendi P, Bregenzer T, Zimmerli W. Spinal epidural abscess in clinical practice. QJM. 2008;101(1):1–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lury K, Smith JK, Castillo M. Imaging of spinal infections. Semin Roentgenol. 2006;41(4):363–79.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Joines JD, McNutt RA, Carey TS, Deyo RA, Rouhani R. Finding Cancer in primary care outpatients with low Back pain: a comparison of diagnostic strategies. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(1):14–23.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Musubire AK, Meya DB, Bohjanen PR, Katabira ET, Barasukana P, Boulware DR, Meyer A-C. A Systematic Review of Non-Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries in Sub-Saharan Africa and a Proposed Diagnostic Algorithm for Resource-Limited Settings. Front Neurol. 2017;8(618).
Arksey H, O'Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32.
Article
Google Scholar
Held MFG, Hoppe S, Laubscher M, Mears S, Dix-Peek S, Zar HJ, Dunn RN. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal tuberculosis in an area with high disease prevalence. Asian Spine J. 2017;11(3):405–11.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kirigia JM, Wambebe C. Status of national health research systems in ten countries of the WHO African region. BMC Health Serv Res. 2006;6(1):135.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. The Lancet 2017, 390(10100):1260–1344.
Yousefi-Nooraie R, Shakiba B, Mortaz-Hejri S. Country development and manuscript selection bias: a review of published studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006;6:37.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Harris M, Macinko J, Jimenez G, Mahfoud M, Anderson C. Does a research article's country of origin affect perception of its quality and relevance? A national trial of US public health researchers. BMJ Open. 2015;5(12):e008993.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar