Skip to main content
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Osteoporosis knowledge and beliefs in diabetic patients: a cross sectional study from Palestine

Abstract

Background

Osteoporosis is a potential metabolic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Therefore, patients with DM should have adequate osteoporosis knowledge and beliefs in order to get engaged in osteoporosis preventive behaviors. The objective of this study was to assess osteoporosis knowledge and beliefs among diabetic patients.

Methods

This was a cross sectional study carried out at Al-Makhfiah governmental primary healthcare unit in Nablus, Palestine from September 2016 to December 2016. The tools used to assess knowledge and beliefs were Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale (OHBS) and the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test (OKT) respectively.

Results

Three hundred diabetic patients were interviewed regarding their knowledge and belief about osteoporosis. The study sample included 192 (64.0%) females. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the participants was 58.5 ± 9.3 years. Regarding co-morbidities, 229 (76.3%) had at least one co-morbidity other than DM. The majority of participants incorrectly answered 19 out of 32 questions of OKT scale. The mean OKT score was 13.5 ± 4.2 indicating poor osteoporosis – related knowledge. Females had significantly higher nutrition (p = 0.037), exercise (p = 0.043), and OKT score (p = 0.021) than males. Regarding OHBS, female participants had significantly higher belief score of susceptibility (p <  0.01) and seriousness (p <  0.01) of osteoporosis compared to males.

Conclusions

Diabetic patients had poor osteoporosis knowledge and moderate perception of susceptibility and seriousness of osteoporosis. These results require implementation of awareness programs among DM patients to increase their practices regarding preventive measures of osteoporosis such as calcium intake and exercise.

Peer Review reports

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic medical illness that requires careful and continuous adherence to and implementation of daily treatment regimens, dietary restrictions, and change in life style that can be demanding and difficult to implement by some diabetic patients [1]. According to World Health Organization’s (WHO) recent report, the number of people diagnosed with DM has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 [2]. Prevalence of DM is increasing in all world regions including the Arab Middle Eastern region [3].

Long term microvascular and macrovscular complications of DM are well known and include nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, acute coronary syndrome, and stroke [4]. Another serious, but an overlooked, complication of DM is bone diseases or decreased skeletal integrity and strength [5,6,7,8]. Diabetic osteopathy affects both types of diabetes although type II DM is often associated with normal or high bone mineral density (BMD) [9, 10]. A recent meta-analysis study demonstrated that individuals with type I DM have 5.76 relative-risk of hip fracture compared with non-DM individuals while people with type II DM have 1.34 relative-risk of hip fractures compared with non-DM people [11]. Postmenopausal women with type I DM have 12.25 times higher risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis than non-diabetic women [12, 13]. Glycemic control plays an important role in risk of bone fracture in diabetic patients [14, 15]. The Rotterdam Study demonstrated that individuals with inadequate glycemic control had 47–62% higher fracture risk than individuals without DM, Individuals with adequate glycemic control had a risk similar to those without diabetes (hazard ratio: 0.91 [0.67–1.23]) [14].

The exact pathogenesis of diabetes-induced risk of osteoporosis is still controversial. For patients with type I DM, the absolute deficiency of insulin and the potential presence of autoimmune diseases can lead to bone fragility and poor bone health [16,17,18,19,20]. In type II DM patients, reduced blood flow to bone may contribute to bone loss and fragility [16, 18,19,20,21,22]. Individuals with DM might also have impaired bone repair leading to accumulation of microcracks and increased cortical porosity [14, 23]. Recent studies demonstrated that circulating biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption such as P1NP, osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, and bone resorption marker serum CTx have been found to be decreased in type II DM independent of BMD [24].

Worldwide literature in osteoporosis knowledge focused mainly on knowledge and belief in females of different age categories [25,26,27,28]. Osteoporosis knowledge studies had been carried out in various diseases including cancer, thalassemia, and HIV patients [29,30,31]. Searching Scopus for publications in osteoporosis knowledge in diabetic patients retrieved one article from Malaysia in which the authors assessed the psychometric properties of osteoporosis knowledge tool in type II diabetic patients [32]. Diabetic patients are considered a high risk category for osteoporosis and therefore knowledge of diabetic patients about osteoporosis is crucial for their general health [33]. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide data about knowledge and belief about osteoporosis among diabetic patients in Palestine using internationally validated scales [34,35,36]. Our ultimate goal is to enhance osteoporosis awareness and preventive behavior among diabetic patients in Palestine. However, to achieve this ultimate goal, it is initially important to investigate and understand the baseline knowledge and beliefs of diabetic patients in Palestine toward osteoporosis. Our results will guide the design of future programs and educational materials promoting behaviors that can ultimately slow down, prevent osteoporotic complications, and therefore improve the quality of life of diabetic patients in Palestine.

Methods

Study sample and setting

This was a cross sectional study. Participants in this study were diabetic patients attending Al-Makhfiah primary healthcare unit in Nablus, north of Palestine. The study was carried out for four months, from September to December 2016. Al-Makhfiah clinic offers primary healthcare services and medications for individuals with chronic diseases who have governmental medical insurance. The number of diabetic individuals who attend Al-Makhfiah clinic on regular basis is less than 700. Recruited participants for this study were given full information regarding the purpose of the study and were asked to give informed consent before the interview. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire through a face-to-face interview. The participants were interviewed by two co-authors who are senior medical students (G.I and Y.A). Participants in this study were limited to diabetic patients regardless of type. Participants who reported being diagnosed with osteoporosis or had previous bone fracture or currently taking calcium/vitamin D were excluded.

Sample size calculation

To estimate the sample size, a margin of error less of than 5% and a confidence level of 95% were entered in Raosoft calculator [37]. The total number of target population was entered as 700 while the he response rate was entered as 70%. A sample size of at least 222 participants was needed to perform the study. Assuming a response rate of 50% will yield a sample size of 249.

Measuring tools

Tools used to collect the required data were the “Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale” (OHBS) and the “Osteoporosis Knowledge Test (OKT)”. Both were obtained from the developer with permission to use in Palestine [38]. The OKT and OHBS had been translated into different languages and were found reliable and valid in different communities [32, 39,40,41,42]. The Arabic version of OKT and OHBS had been previously published and found to be reliable and acceptable [43]. We used the Arabic version of published OKT and OHBS after introduction of certain minor language changes to suite the Arabic accent of Palestinian culture. Permission to use the original scales and scoring methodology were obtained from the developer [44]. The translated scales are attached (Additional file 1).

The OKT is a 32-multiple choice instrument and has two subscales, a nutrition, and an exercise - related subscale. The two subscales had 14 items in common. In scoring the OKT, correct answers were coded as 1 while incorrect answers were coded as 0. Total score for OKT scale ranges from 0 to 32. The range for nutrition subscale was from 0 to 26 while that for exercise subscale ranges from 0 to 20. For each interviewed patient, scores of the OKT and the two subscales were analyzed as continuous variables and no categorization of scores was used. Examples of questions in the nutrition and exercise subscales include: “best source of calcium?: apple, cheese, cucumber”, “best way to reduce osteoporosis: swim, walk, stretching?”.

The OHBS consists of 42 items divided into seven subscales: susceptibility (items 1–6), seriousness (items 7–12), benefits of exercise (items 13–18), benefits of calcium intake (items 19–24), barriers of exercise (items 25–30), barriers of calcium intake (items 31–36), and health motivation (items 37–42). The internal reliability testing for the OHBS yielded a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.720. The internal reliability of the seven OHBS subscales were 0.83, 0.71, 0.73, 0.72, 0.68, 0.69, and 0.66 for susceptibility, seriousness, benefits of exercise, benefits of calcium intake, barriers of exercise, barriers of calcium intake and health motivation subscales respectively. The OHBS is scored by awarding 5 for responses of “Strongly Agree” to 1 for “Strongly Disagree” for each item. Since there are 6 items in each subscale, the possible score for each subscale ranges from 6 to 30 with higher scores indicating higher belief in the tested subscale. The total score for the whole OHBS scale ranges from 42 to 210. Total score for each OHBS subscale was analyzed separately and as a continuous variable with no categorization of scores. The Arabic version of the OHBS subscales is shown in the additional file.

Examples of questions in the OHBS subscales include: “chances of getting osteoporosis high”; “when think about osteoporosis, get depressed”; “regular exercise helps build strong bones”; “taking enough calcium cuts chance of broken bones”; “have no place where can exercise”; “to eat more calcium foods have to give up other I like”; “look for new information related to health”.

Ethical consideration

To maintain the rights of participants in the study an Institutional Review Board (IRB) application was submitted to An-Najah National University. The IRB approved the study and asked for verbal consent from the participants and not a written consent because the study does not involve any invasive procedure. Furthermore, the Palestinian Ministry of Health approved the study and gave permission to authors to conduct the study after obtaining verbal approval from the participants. Before the collection of data, the participants were handed an informed consent that included information about all aspects of the study. Developers of the questionnaire gave permission to use the tool for the study.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics including mean ± standard deviation (SD) or frequency (percentage) were presented for each variable, stratified by gender. Scores for all subscales were tested for normality using Kolmogrov - Smirnov test and were found to be not normally distributed. In Bivariate analysis, Mann-Whitney U test was used for ordinal variables while correlation between total knowledge scores and various belief subscales were carried out using Spearman correlation.

Results

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants

Three hundred diabetic patients were recruited; 192 (64%) were females. The mean ± SD age of the participants was 58.5 ± 9.3 years. The majority of participants were living in urban areas (215; 71.7%). The majority also reported being currently married (251; 83.7%). For the level of education, the majority (236; 78.7%) did not have a college degree. Regarding occupation, the majority (217; 72.3%) of participants were unemployed. Participants had mean ± SD duration of DM of 11.3 ± 8.0 years. More than half of the participants (174; 58%) were insulin users and two thirds of the participants were hypertensive. Regarding co-morbidities, 229 (76.3%) of studied patients have at least one co-morbidity other than DM and 91 patients (30.3%) had retinopathy.

Comparison of the demographic and clinical characteristics between female and male participants (Table 1) showed that females were significantly younger than males (mean ± SD age for females was 57.1 ± 8.9 while that for males was 61 ± 9.6 year; p <  0.01). Furthermore, females had significantly shorter duration of diabetes than males (mean ± SD duration of DM in females was 10.6 ± 7.6 while that for males was 12.6 ± 8.6 years; p = 0.036). Significant differences between males and females were also shown in place of residence (p = 0.022), marital status (p <  0.01), level of education (p <  0.01), employment status (p <  0.01), use of insulin (p = 0.012), and presence of hypertension (p <  0.01).

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample examined by gender

Analysis of OKT scores

The mean ± SD of OKT total score was 13.5 ± 4.2. The mean ± SD of exercise knowledge score was 8.8 ± 2.8 while that for nutrition knowledge score was 11 ± 3.6. Most of the participants correctly answered question 5 (OK5; 81.7%) and question 10 (OK10; 78%) (Table 2). Females had a significantly higher overall OKT score (p = 0.021), higher exercise knowledge score (p = 0.043), and higher nutrition knowledge score (p = 0.037) (Table 3).

Table 2 List of OKT questions with frequencies and percentage of patients giving the correct answer for each question
Table 3 Scores of osteoporosis knowledge subscales examined by gender

Analysis of OHBS scores

The mean ± standard deviation for osteoporosis belief subscales are shown in Table 4. Diabetic patients had the highest score (mean ± SD = 23.1 ± 2.5) in belief subscale pertaining to benefit of exercise as protective against osteoporosis. On the other hand, diabetic patients had the lowest score in belief subscale pertaining to the presence of barriers to calcium intake. Examples of frequency of answers for certain questions in OHBS include the followings. (1) more than half (54%) of participants did not believe that they have high chances of getting osteoporosis (item #1); (2) the majority (78.4%) of participants incorrectly answered that family history makes them more likely to have osteoporosis (item # 6); (3) 46% agreed that it would be scary to get osteoporosis (item # 7); (4) 75% correctly answered that exercise is protective toward osteoporosis (item # 14); (5) 85% correctly answered that calcium intake is protective toward osteoporosis (item # 19); (6) 68% agreed that it would be serious to get osteoporosis (item # 12). The majority of participants disagreed with the five statements of perceived barriers to exercise (items number 26–30), but the majority agreed that their physical weakness is a perceived barrier to exercise (item # 25). Similarly, the majority of participants disagreed with the five statements of the perceived barriers to take calcium (items number 31–35). However, the majority agreed that food rich in calcium might be rich in cholesterol and therefore was a perceived barrier to intake of calcium rich food (item # 36). The majority of participants agreed to all statements that assess health motivation (items number 37–42).

Table 4 Osteoporosis belief scores examined by gender

When belief scores were examined by gender, female participants showed significantly higher scores in perceived susceptibility (17.4 ± 4.1 for females versus 15.8 ± 3.8 for males; p <  0.01) and perceived seriousness (19.8 ± 3.6 for females versus 18.7 ± 3.6 for males; p < 0.01) of osteoporosis when compared to male participants. No significant difference was found between males and females in other belief subscales (Table 4).

Discussion

This study was carried out to assess osteoporosis knowledge and beliefs in diabetic patients in a governmental diabetic primary health care center in Nablus, Palestine. The levels of osteoporosis knowledge and perception were poor necessitating preventive educational programs to increase awareness about risks of osteoporosis. In particular, these preventive measures could target young diabetic females and those who are unemployed since they have poor perception toward osteoporosis.

Our results regarding poor knowledge and perception were expected given that the majority of participants were not well educated. Studies from non-Arab Middle Eastern countries such as Turkey and Iran highlighted that educational level of females can determine the extent of awareness of osteoporosis [45, 46]. Our results indicated that the majority of participants failed to answer correctly 19 questions of OKT suggesting that participants will not be able to get engaged in behaviors and practices that will decrease their risk of osteoporosis. Potential reasons for poor knowledge among participants were most probably poor educational level.

In our study, both males and females did not believe that they were susceptible to osteoporosis. Furthermore, participants did not have a high perception of seriousness of osteoporosis. The relatively poor perception toward susceptibility and seriousness of osteoporosis could be due, low awareness and/or poor health promotion system in Palestine. In Palestinian ministry of health had launched several awareness workshops and campaigns to fight several diseases such as breast cancer, smoking, childhood vaccination. However, osteoporosis awareness campaigns and workshops and research are absent, not only in Palestine but in Arab countries as well [47]. Our findings might necessitate implementing a periodic screening for bone mineral density in diabetic patients and implementing nurse or physician – patient communication about osteoporosis and potential serious consequences of bone fractures.

To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies about knowledge or belief about osteoporosis among diabetic patients had been published from Arab countries, and therefore, comparison of our results with published studies in other Arab communities was not possible. However, several studies have been published about knowledge and belief about osteoporosis among different groups of women or particular types of patients [29, 48,49,50,51,52,53]. A study on osteoporosis knowledge among Chinese HIV patients indicated that osteoporosis knowledge was universally low and that participants with lower education perceived greater barriers to implement preventive behaviors [30].

Our study has limitations and points of weaknesses. The cross-sectional design and convenience sampling technique used to recruit the participants could have created some bias. Future studies need to include larger sample of DM patients with various educational background and from different regions in Palestine. Furthermore, future studies need to shed light on daily practices of patients with regard to nutrition such as protein and calcium intake to link belief with daily practices.

Conclusions

Overall, diabetic patients had poor osteoporosis knowledge, moderate perception of susceptibility and seriousness of osteoporosis despite that they have relative high score in health motivation subscale. Implementation of awareness and educational programs among diabetic patients might increase preventive practices and measures toward osteoporosis. Such preventive practices need to focus on calcium rich nutrition and regular exercise.

Abbreviations

DM:

Diabetes mellitus

IRB:

Institutional Review Board

OHBS:

Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale

OKT:

Osteoporosis Knowledge Test

References

  1. Armstrong C. ADA updates standards of medical Care for Patients with diabetes mellitus. Am Fam Physician. 2017;95(1):40–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Berth H, Petrowski K, Balck F. The Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale (APAIS)-the first trial of a German version. Psychosoc Med. 2007;4:Doc01.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Abuyassin B, Laher I. Diabetes epidemic sweeping the Arab world. World J Diabetes. 2016;7(8):165–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(Supplement 1):S62–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Isidro ML, Ruano B. Bone disease in diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2010;6(3):144–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Wongdee K, Charoenphandhu N. Osteoporosis in diabetes mellitus: possible cellular and molecular mechanisms. World J Diabetes. 2011;2(3):41–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Jackuliak P, Payer J. Osteoporosis, fractures, and diabetes. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:820615.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Leidig-Bruckner G, Grobholz S, Bruckner T, Scheidt-Nave C, Nawroth P, Schneider JG. Prevalence and determinants of osteoporosis in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Endocr Disord. 2014;14:33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Vestergaard P. Discrepancies in bone mineral density and fracture risk in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes--a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(4):427–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Nyman JS, Even JL, Jo CH, Herbert EG, Murry MR, Cockrell GE, Wahl EC, Bunn RC, Lumpkin CK Jr, Fowlkes JL, et al. Increasing duration of type 1 diabetes perturbs the strength-structure relationship and increases brittleness of bone. Bone. 2011;48(4):733–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Fan Y, Wei F, Lang Y, Liu Y. Diabetes mellitus and risk of hip fractures: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(1):219–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Nicodemus KK, Folsom AR. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes and incident hip fractures in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(7):1192–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Karimifar M, Pasha MA, Salari A, Zamani A, Salesi M, Motaghi P. Evaluation of bone loss in diabetic postmenopausal women. J Res Med Sci. 2012;17(11):1033–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Oei L, Zillikens MC, Dehghan A, Buitendijk GH, Castano-Betancourt MC, Estrada K, Stolk L, Oei EH, van Meurs JB, Janssen JA, et al. High bone mineral density and fracture risk in type 2 diabetes as skeletal complications of inadequate glucose control: the Rotterdam study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(6):1619–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Janghorbani M, Van Dam RM, Willett WC, Hu FB. Systematic review of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of fracture. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(5):495–505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Palermo A, D'Onofrio L, Buzzetti R, Manfrini S, Napoli N. Pathophysiology of bone fragility in patients with diabetes. Calcif Tissue Int. 2017;100(2):122–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Walsh JS, Vilaca T. Obesity, type 2 diabetes and bone in adults. Calcif Tissue Int. 2017;100(5):528–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Maddaloni E, D'Eon S, Hastings S, Tinsley LJ, Napoli N, Khamaisi M, Bouxsein ML, Fouda SM, Keenan HA. Bone health in subjects with type 1 diabetes for more than 50 years. Acta Diabetol. 2017;54(5):479–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sharma B, Singh H, Chodhary P, Saran S, Mathur SK. Osteoporosis in otherwise healthy patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective gender based comparative study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017;21(4):535–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Sundararaghavan V, Mazur MM, Evans B, Liu J, Ebraheim NA. Diabetes and bone health: latest evidence and clinical implications. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2017;9(3):67–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Vogt MT, Cauley JA, Kuller LH, Nevitt MC. Bone mineral density and blood flow to the lower extremities: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12(2):283–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wientroub S, Eisenberg D, Tardiman R, Weissman SL, Salama R. Is diabetic osteoporosis due to microangiopathy? Lancet. 1980;2(8201):983.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Rubin MR, Patsch JM. Assessment of bone turnover and bone quality in type 2 diabetic bone disease: current concepts and future directions. Bone Res. 2016;4:16001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Rubin MR. Bone cells and bone turnover in diabetes mellitus. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2015;13(3):186–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. El-Sayed MM, Abdel Megeid F. Osteoporosis-related life habits, knowledge and attitude among group of female employees in King Saud University. World Appl Sci J. 2013;22(7):919–25.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Malak MZ, Toama ZT. The effect of osteoporosis health education program based on health belief model on knowledge and health beliefs towards osteoporosis among Jordanian female teachers. Eur Sci J. 2015;1:385–98.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Nguyen NV, Dinh TA, Ngo QV, Tran VD, Breitkopf CR. Awareness and knowledge of osteoporosis in Vietnamese women. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):NP95–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Endicott RD. Knowledge, health beliefs, and self-efficacy regarding osteoporosis in Perimenopausal women. J Osteoporos. 2013;2013:853531.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Nadler M, Alibhai S, Catton P, Catton C, To MJ, Jones JM. Osteoporosis knowledge, health beliefs, and healthy bone behaviours in patients on androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2013;111(8):1301–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hsieh E, Fraenkel L, Bradley EH, Xia W, Insogna KL, Cui Q, Li K, Li T. Osteoporosis knowledge, self-efficacy, and health beliefs among Chinese individuals with HIV. Arch Osteoporos. 2014;9(1):201.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. MehdiKhani B, Eslami A, Qorbani M, Azarkeivan A, Mohammadi Z, Khashayar P, Keshtkar A. Knowledge, attitude, and preventive practice of major thalassemia patients regarding the importance of calcium and vitamin D. J Appl Hematol. 2015;6(1):13–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Abdulameer SA, Syed Sulaiman SA, Hassali MA, Subramaniam K, Sahib MN. Psychometric properties of osteoporosis knowledge tool and self-management behaviours among Malaysian type 2 diabetic patients. J Community Health. 2013;38(1):95–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Carnevale V, Romagnoli E, D'Erasmo L, D’Erasmo E. Bone damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(11):1151–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kim K, Horan ML, Gendler P. Osteoporosis knowledge tests, osteoporosis health belief scale, and osteoporosis self-efficacy scale. Allendale: Grand Valley State University; 1991.

  35. Gendler PE, Coviak CP, Martin JT, Kim KK, Dankers JK, Barclay JM, Sanchez TA. Revision of the osteoporosis knowledge test: reliability and validity. West J Nurs Res. 2015;37(12):1623–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. von Hurst PR, Wham CA. Attitudes and knowledge about osteoporosis risk prevention: a survey of New Zealand women. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10(7):747–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Raosoft Inc. Sample Size Calculator by Raosoft, Inc. [cited 12 Jan 2016]; Available from: http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html

  38. Kim KK, Horan ML, Gendler P, Patel MK. Development and evaluation of the osteoporosis health belief scale. Res Nurs Health. 1991;14(2):155–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Abdulameer SA, Syed Sulaiman SA, Hassali MA, Sahib MN, Subramaniam K. Psychometric properties of the Malay version of the osteoporosis health belief scale (OHBS-M) among type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Rheum Dis. 2014;17(1):93–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Şimşir Atalay N, Akkaya N, Şahin F. The psychometric properties of the Turkish version of revised 2011-osteoporosis knowledge test. Türk Osteoporoz Dergisi. 2015;21(3):127–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Chen YP, Liu XQ, Cai DH. Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the osteoporosis health belief scale. Chinese J Clin Rehabi. 2005;9(3):196–7.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Qi BB, Resnick B, Nahm ES. Reliability and validity of the revised osteoporosis knowledge test. J Nurs Meas. 2014;22(2):342–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sayed-Hassan RM, Bashour HN. The reliability of the Arabic version of osteoporosis knowledge assessment tool (OKAT) and the osteoporosis health belief scale (OHBS). BMC Res Notes. 2013;6(1):138.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Sayed-Hassan R, Bashour H, Koudsi A. Osteoporosis knowledge and attitudes: a cross-sectional study among female nursing school students in Damascus. Arch Osteoporos. 2013;8(1–2):149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ungan M, Tumer M. Turkish women’s knowledge of osteoporosis. Fam Pract. 2001;18(2):199–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Eslamian L, Jamshidi A, Kaghaz kanani R. Knowledge, attitude and behavior regarding osteoporosis among women in three age groups: Shariati hospital, Tehran. Tehran Univ Med J. 2008;65(14):16–21.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Sweileh WM, Al-Jabi SW, Zyoud SH, Sawalha AF, Ghanim MA. Osteoporosis is a neglected health priority in Arab world: a comparative bibliometric analysis. Spring. 2014;3:427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Lassemillante AM, Skinner TL, Hooper JD, Prins JB, Wright OR. Osteoporosis-related health behaviors in men with prostate cancer and survivors: exploring osteoporosis knowledge, health beliefs, and self-efficacy. Am J Mens Health. 2017;11(1):13–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Ediriweera de Silva RE, Haniffa MR, Gunathillaka KD, Atukorala I, Fernando ED, Perera WL. A descriptive study of knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding osteoporosis among female medical school entrants in Sri Lanka. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2014;13(1):15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Aree-Ue S, Petlamul M. Osteoporosis knowledge, health beliefs, and preventive behavior: a comparison between younger and older women living in a rural area. Health Care Women Int. 2013;34(12):1051–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Khan YH, Sarrif A, Khan AH. Facing bitter truth of bones. Assessment of osteoporosis knowledge and beliefs in community settings. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2013;4(1):750–8.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Gammage KL, Gasparotto J, Mack DE, Klentrou P. Gender differences in osteoporosis health beliefs and knowledge and their relation to vigorous physical activity in university students. J Am Coll Heal. 2012;60(1):58–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Evenson AL, Sanders GF. Educational intervention impact on osteoporosis knowledge, health beliefs, self-efficacy, dietary calcium, and vitamin D intakes in young adults. Orthop Nurs. 2016;35(1):30–6. quiz 37-38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank An-Najah National University for giving the opportunities to this study.

Funding

No funding was available for this study.

Availability of data and materials

The raw data supporting the findings presented in the current study will be available from the corresponding author upon request.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

GI, and YA collected data, performed the analyses and literature search, and drafted the manuscript. SZ, and WS conceptualized and designed the study, coordinated the study and data analysis, interpreted the data, and assisted in final write-up of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Waleed M. Sweileh.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Patients included in the study were asked to give verbal consent based on the approval obtained from Institutional Review Board (IRB) of An-Najah National University. Verabl consent was obtained from all participants after giving them full information about the project and assured them the privacy of the information and data obtained.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Additional file

Additional file 1:

Arabic translation of osteoporosis knowledge and beliefs tests. The file includes the questionnaire used in the survey study with the Arabic translation of the knowledge and belief tests. (DOCX 27 kb)

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ishtaya, G.A., Anabtawi, Y.M., Zyoud, S.H. et al. Osteoporosis knowledge and beliefs in diabetic patients: a cross sectional study from Palestine. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 19, 43 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-1961-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-1961-6

Keywords