Ferrari S, Bianchi ML, Eisman JA, Foldes AJ, Adami S, Wahl DA, et al. Osteoporosis in young adults: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(12):2735–48. doi:10.1007/s00198-012-2030-x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ. 1996;312(7041):1254–9.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kanis JA. Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet. 2002;359(9321):1929–36. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08761-5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Melton 3rd LJ, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Wahner HW, Riggs BL. Long-term fracture prediction by bone mineral assessed at different skeletal sites. J Bone Miner Res. 1993;8(10):1227–33. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650081010.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Torgerson DJ, Campbell MK, Thomas RE, Reid DM. Prediction of perimenopausal fractures by bone mineral density and other risk factors. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(2):293–7. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650110219.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
ISCD. ISCD Official Positions - Adult published online. 2013. http://www.iscd.org/official-positions/2013-iscd-official-positions-adult. Accessed Jan 2014.
Lee YK, Yoon BH, Koo KH. Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in South Korea. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2013;28(2):90–3. doi:10.3803/EnM.2013.28.2.90.
Article
Google Scholar
Beck TJ, Ruff CB, Warden KE, Scott Jr WW, Rao GU. Predicting femoral neck strength from bone mineral data. A structural approach. Invest Radiol. 1990;25(1):6–18.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bouxsein ML, Karasik D. Bone geometry and skeletal fragility. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2006;4(2):49–56.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beck TJ, Looker AC, Ruff CB, Sievanen H, Wahner HW. Structural trends in the aging femoral neck and proximal shaft: analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(12):2297–304. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.12.2297.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beck T. Measuring the structural strength of bones with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: principles, technical limitations, and future possibilities. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14 Suppl 5:S81–8. doi:10.1007/s00198-003-1478-0.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ahlborg HG, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TV, Center JR, Eisman JA. Contribution of hip strength indices to hip fracture risk in elderly men and women. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(10):1820–7. doi:10.1359/JBMR.050519.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
El-Kaissi S, Pasco JA, Henry MJ, Panahi S, Nicholson JG, Nicholson GC, et al. Femoral neck geometry and hip fracture risk: the Geelong osteoporosis study. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(10):1299–303. doi:10.1007/s00198-005-1988-z.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Faulkner KG, Wacker WK, Barden HS, Simonelli C, Burke PK, Ragi S, et al. Femur strength index predicts hip fracture independent of bone density and hip axis length. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(4):593–9. doi:10.1007/s00198-005-0019-4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leslie WD, Pahlavan PS, Tsang JF, Lix LM. Manitoba Bone Density P. Prediction of hip and other osteoporotic fractures from hip geometry in a large clinical cohort. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(10):1767–74. doi:10.1007/s00198-009-0874-5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Faulkner KG, Cummings SR, Black D, Palermo L, Gluer CC, Genant HK. Simple measurement of femoral geometry predicts hip fracture: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 1993;8(10):1211–7. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650081008.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gnudi S, Ripamonti C, Gualtieri G, Malavolta N. Geometry of proximal femur in the prediction of hip fracture in osteoporotic women. Br J Radiol. 1999;72(860):729–33. doi:10.1259/bjr.72.860.10624337.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peacock M, Turner CH, Liu G, Manatunga AK, Timmerman L, Johnston Jr CC. Better discrimination of hip fracture using bone density, geometry and architecture. Osteoporos Int. 1995;5(3):167–73.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crabtree NJ, Kroger H, Martin A, Pols HA, Lorenc R, Nijs J, et al. Improving risk assessment: hip geometry, bone mineral distribution and bone strength in hip fracture cases and controls. The EPOS study. European Prospective Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(1):48–54.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Faulkner KG, McClung M, Cummings SR. Automated evaluation of hip axis length for predicting hip fracture. J Bone Miner Res. 1994;9(7):1065–70. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650090714.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cummings SR, Cauley JA, Palermo L, Ross PD, Wasnich RD, Black D, et al. Racial differences in hip axis lengths might explain racial differences in rates of hip fracture. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Osteoporos Int. 1994;4(4):226–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leslie WD, Lix LM, Morin SN, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV et al. Hip Axis Length is a FRAX and Bone Density Independent Risk Factor for Hip Fracture in Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015:jc20144390. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-4390.
Center JR, Nguyen TV, Pocock NA, Noakes KA, Kelly PJ, Eisman JA, et al. Femoral neck axis length, height loss and risk of hip fracture in males and females. Osteoporos Int. 1998;8(1):75–81. doi:10.1007/s001980050051.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brownbill RA, Ilich JZ. Hip geometry and its role in fracture: what do we know so far? Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2003;1(1):25–31.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Partanen J, Jamsa T, Jalovaara P. Influence of the upper femur and pelvic geometry on the risk and type of hip fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(8):1540–6. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.8.1540.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bergot C, Bousson V, Meunier A, Laval-Jeantet M, Laredo JD. Hip fracture risk and proximal femur geometry from DXA scans. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(7):542–50. doi:10.1007/s001980200071.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gnudi S, Sitta E, Pignotti E. Prediction of incident hip fracture by femoral neck bone mineral density and neck-shaft angle: a 5-year longitudinal study in post-menopausal females. Br J Radiol. 2012;85(1016):e467–73. doi:10.1259/bjr/57130600.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alonso CG, Curiel MD, Carranza FH, Cano RP, Perez AD. Femoral bone mineral density, neck-shaft angle and mean femoral neck width as predictors of hip fracture in men and women. Multicenter Project for Research in Osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(8):714–20.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Taormina DP, Marcano AI, Karia R, Egol KA, Tejwani NC. Symptomatic atypical femoral fractures are related to underlying hip geometry. Bone. 2014;63:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2014.02.006.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Park HA, Park JK, Park SA, Lee JS. Age, menopause, and cardiovascular risk factors among korean middle-aged women: the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Womens Health. 2010;19(5):869–76. doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1436.
Article
Google Scholar
Kim BJ, Lee SH, Koh JM, Kim GS. The association between higher serum ferritin level and lower bone mineral density is prominent in women >/=45 years of age (KNHANES 2008–2010). Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(10):2627–37. doi:10.1007/s00198-013-2363-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar