Lumbar spine fusion (LSF) effectively decreases pain and disability in specific spinal disorders; however, the disability rate following surgery remains high. This, combined with the fact that in Western countries the number of LSF surgeries is increasing rapidly it is important to develop rehabilitation interventions that improve outcomes.
Methods/design
In the present RCT-study we aim to assess the effectiveness of a combined back-specific and aerobic exercise intervention for patients after LSF surgery. One hundred patients will be randomly allocated to a 12-month exercise intervention arm or a usual care arm. The exercise intervention will start three months after surgery and consist of six individual guidance sessions with a physiotherapist and a home-based exercise program. The primary outcome measures are low back pain, lower extremity pain, disability and quality of life. Secondary outcomes are back function and kinesiophobia. Exercise adherence will also be evaluated. The outcome measurements will be assessed at baseline (3 months postoperatively), at the end of the exercise intervention period (15 months postoperatively), and after a 1-year follow-up.
Discussion
The present RCT will evaluate the effectiveness of a long-term rehabilitation program after LSF. To our knowledge this will be the first study to evaluate a combination of strength training, control of the neutral lumbar spine position and aerobic training principles in rehabilitation after LSF.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00834015
Keywords
Lumbar fusionDisabilityPainQuality of lifeSpineExerciseRehabilitation
Background
During the last 10 years there has been a significant increase in the number of lumbar spine fusions (LSF) [1]. The most common reasons for LSF are isthmic or degenerative spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc disease, and spinal stenosis [2]. In adult patients with lumbar isthmic or degenerative spondylolisthesis LSF has been reported to reduce symptoms [3, 4]. However, the overall disability of patients after LSF may be high [5] and even 25% of patients rated the overall outcome as unchanged or worse in a 2-year follow-up study [3]. Most of the previous studies on LSF have evaluated the surgical procedure itself or compared conservative treatment to operative treatment. Less information is available on long-term exercise programs for patients after LSF surgery.
The effectiveness of rehabilitation after LSF has only been evaluated in four studies [6–9]. In these studies, the timing of the intervention has differed. In the studies of Nielsen et al. [8, 9], prehabilitation started 6 to 8 weeks before surgery and continued during hospitalization. Abbott et al. [6] evaluated the effectiveness of psychomotor therapy implemented during the first 12 postoperative weeks. A Danish study [7] compared three different postoperative rehabilitation programs lasting between 12 and 20 postoperative weeks.
Exercise was an essential component of the rehabilitation protocols in all the LSF rehabilitation studies; however the guidance and exercise methods used were different. In the studies of Nielsen et al. and Christensen et al. [7–9], exercise programs included muscle endurance and strength training for the back and abdominal muscles, and cardiovascular conditioning. In the study of Abbott et al. [6], the exercise program consisted of motor relearning training of the transversus abdominis and multifidus, with cognitive and behavioral elements also integrated into the program. The results of these studies indicate that exercise may improve the outcome of LSF.
Typically, patients with lumbar isthmic or degenerative spondylolisthesis undergoing LSF have suffered low back pain for years and therefore may exhibit changes in the function [10] and structure of their trunk muscles [11], and in their cardiorespiratory condition [12]. LSF itself causes changes in the biomechanics of the lumbar spine, which may also accelerate degenerative changes in the adjacent segments [13] and cause muscle atrophy, leading to fatty infiltration of the lumbar muscles, especially in the multifidus[14–16]. As a possible consequence of these changes, low trunk muscle strength levels in patients after lumbar fusion have been reported [17, 18].
The primary goals of the post-operative rehabilitation program are to control pain, decrease disability, restore back function, improve health related fitness and learn to use the low back during the healing process. Although the existing evidence supports the use of exercise in the rehabilitation of LSF patients, there is no consensus on the content of an exercise rehabilitation program after LSF. In addition, the durations of earlier interventions have been too short to achieve long-term changes in back function. Thus, there is a need to develop and test multifaceted rehabilitation programs to improve both back-specific and overall outcome after LSF. In contrast with previous exercise interventions for LSF patients, this study is novel in its development of a fusion-specific training program that takes into account changes in the biomechanics of the spine.
The main study questions are:
Is combined back-specific and aerobic training more effective in decreasing back pain and disability than conventional instructions in postoperative rehabilitation?
What are the effects of surgery and training on trunk muscle strength and mobility of the spine?
What is the effect of fear of movement on post-operative exercise adherence, physical activity, pain and disability?
Methods/design
Study design
Figure 1 presents a flowchart of the study. The present randomized controlled trial will be conducted in Tampere University Hospital and the Central Finland Central Hospital. Approval of the study protocol was given by the Ethics Committee of the Central Finland Health Care District in 2008 (Dnro 4E/2008) and by the Ethics Committee of Tampere University Hospital in August 2008. Written informed consent will be obtained from all patients prior to participation.
Figure 1
Flowchart of the study.
Participants
Inclusion criteria
All patients aged over 18 years scheduled to undergo elective LSF surgery for isthmic or degenerative spondylolisthesis in Tampere University Hospital or the Central Finland Central Hospital are eligible for the study. Patients will be recruited by the spine surgeons in each hospital.
Exclusion criteria
Patients with severe cardiorespiratory or musculoskeletal disease, severe psychiatric/psychological disorder, extensive lower limb paresis, social reasons (alcohol abuse), and immediate complications after back surgery (infection) will be excluded from the study.
Surgery procedures
Spine surgeons will make the decision to operate according to their normal practice. The surgical procedure to be used is decompression and instrumented posterolateral fusion (PLF) with or without posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF).
Randomization and blinding
After surgery, the participants will be randomized into either the combined back-specific (combination of strength training and training of control of the neutral lumbar spine position) and aerobic training arm or to the control arm. The allocation will be based on computer randomization in blocks of four patients. The randomization will be performed and the randomization lists maintained by the research nurses, who will not be involved in the assessment or treatment of the participants. The first list will be used to randomize the participants with isthmic spondylolisthesis and the second list to randomize those with degenerative spondylolisthesis. Both centres will have their own randomization lists. Assessors will be blind to the treatment group in both study centres. Physiotherapists will not be blind to group membership; instead, but both study arms will have their own physiotherapist who will carry out postoperative guidance. Blinding the patients to the allocation is not possible due to the nature of the intervention.
Preadmission clinic and early postoperative rehabilitation before the intervention
At the preadmission clinic, patients will meet with the spine surgeon, anesthesiologist, and physiotherapist, and be informed about the operation and rehabilitation. The early postoperative mobilization of the patients in the orthopaedic ward will be carried out by the physiotherapist. During the first three post-operative months, patients will be encouraged to walk and perform light abdominal, back, and thigh muscle exercises; stretching of hip muscles will also be included in the exercise program. The early postoperative exercise instructions will be similar for both study arms. The use of a bicycle ergometer will be allowed one month after the operation. Other types of exercise such as skiing, dancing, and water gymnastics will be permitted two months after surgery.
Study arms
The intervention arms will start three months postoperatively and will last 12 months.
Development of the intervention arm program
In the development of the protocol for the intervention arm, we have used information obtained from our own trunk muscle electromyography studies, conducted among healthy subjects [19, 20] and lumbar fusion patients (Tarnanen et al., unpublished observation), other previously published studies on trunk and hip muscle activation during exercises [21–24], as well as information from a multidisciplinary group in the study hospitals (physiotherapists, nurses, spine surgeons), and feedback from patients regarding the feasibility of the program. The timing of the beginning of intervention is based on recovery from the surgery.
The back-specific exercise program has two main aims: (i) to improve control of the neutral lumbar spine position and (ii) increase trunk and hip muscle coordination, strength, and endurance [25–29]. (Table 1).
Table 1
Back-specific exercises program
Phase
Back specific exercises
Goal of the exercise
I
1. Squat (SP, EB)
MS
2. Abdominal crunch (SUP)
ME
3. Hip abduction (CLP)
CNSP
4. Hip abduction and external rotation (SLP, EB)
CNSP/ME
5. Hip extension (PRO)
CNSP
6. Hip extension (FPKP, EB) Sets x Repetitions: 2 x 10-15-20
CNSP/ME
II
1. Squat (SP, EB)
MS
2. &3. Bilateral shoulder extension and flexion (SP, EB)
ME/MS
4. Heel slide or leg lift and knee extension with one leg (SUP)
CNSP
5. Hip extension or hip extension and knee extension (CLP)
CNSP/ME
6. Hip abduction (SLP, EB)
CNSP/ME
7. Hip extension (EB) or bird dog exercise (FPKP) Sets x Repetitions: 2 x 10-15-20
CNSP/ME
III
1. Squat (SP, EB)
MS
2. & 3. Bilateral shoulder extension and flexion (SP, EB)
ME/MS
4. Leg lift and knee extension with one leg (SUP)
CNSP
5. Hip extension and knee extension (CLP)
CNSP/ME
6. Bird dog exercise (FPKP)
CNSP/ME
7. Hip abduction (SP) Sets x Repetitions: 2–3 x 10-15-20
CNSP/ME
IV
1. Squat (EB) or forward lunge (SP)
MS
2. Waiters bow exercise with elastic band (SP, EB)
MS
3. & 4. Bilateral shoulder extension and flexion (SP, EB)
5. & 6. Downward chop and upward chop (SP, EB) Sets x Repetitions: 2-3-4 x 10-15-20
CNSP/ME
SP, standing position; SUP, supine position; CLP, crook lying position; SLP, side lying position; PRO, prone position; FPKP, four-point kneeling position; SIP, sitting position; EB, with elastic band resistance; MS, muscle strength; ME, muscle endurance; CNSP, control of the neutral lumbar spine position.
At the beginning of the program, trunk and hip muscle coordination and muscle endurance exercises will be performed in a prone, supine and four-point kneeling position. During the intervention the performance positions will gradually become more functional [30] and the loads increase progressively up to 50-70% of the repetition maximum to optimize muscle strength and muscle mass development. A subset of these exercises will be carried out with light loads to improve explosive force (high-velocity repetitions) and movement control. In addition, muscle-fatiguing training will be used for the back muscles to produce regional increases in blood flow capacity among the muscle fibers that experience increased activity during loading. Participants will be instructed to perform home exercises at least 2–3 times per week.
The aerobic walking program has three aims: (i) to increase the total amount of physical activity [31], (ii) improve patients’ aerobic capacity, and (iii) increase muscle capacity for fatty acid oxidation [32, 33]. The program includes a progressive increase in the number of steps and interval walking workouts.
The total activity level will be evaluated during the first week by pedometers. Based on this information, patients will be instructed to increase their activity level progressively and monitor the amount of daily steps with the pedometer. (Table 2). Interval walking will be added to the exercise program four months after the beginning of the intervention. Each interval exercise consists of 5–10 minutes warm-up at normal walking speed, followed by periods of 30s - 1 min of brisk walking and 3 min of walking at normal speed alternated four times. The total length of the exercise bout will be 25–30 minutes. The length and intensity of brisk walking will be gradually increased during the last eight months.
Table 2
Aims for increasing the number of daily steps
Aim
Model of progression
10 000 steps/day, if: age under 65 years, healthy and no restrictions to increase physical activity
1. If baseline level <5 000 (sedentary), number of steps is increased 15% every other months until the target level is reached
2. If baseline level 5 000–7 499 (”low active”), number of steps is increased 10% every other months until the target level is reached
3. If baseline level 7 500–9 999 (”somewhat active”), number of steps is increased 5% every other months until the target level is reached
4. If baseline level >10 000 (active), this level is maintained or number of steps is increased 5% every other months until 12 500/day (”highly active”) is reached (Categorized according to Tudor-Locke et al. 2008 [34])
7 500 steps/day, if: age >65 years and/or chronic diseases and/or some restriction to increase physical activity [35, 36]
1. If baseline level <4 250, number of steps is increased 15% every other months until the target level is reached. In later phase this level is maintained or a new goal is set.
2. If baseline level >4 250, number of steps is increased 10% every other months until the target level is reached. In later phase this level is maintained or a new goal is set.
Individual guidance sessions with the physiotherapist will be started three months after the LSF, with booster sessions every second month thereafter. In each session the physiotherapist will give guidance on the exercises to be performed in the next training phase and check the patients’ exercise techniques. In addition, patients will be given a leaflet containing written and pictorial information about the exercises. Each patient will perform the training independently at home; however, the progression of the exercises will be checked with the physiotherapist. During the first session, patients will fill in a personal exercise contract form and set their personal goals [37]. Goals will be reassessed in the middle phase of the intervention. Possible barriers to exercise (e.g. kinesiophobia) will be identified [38, 39]. If a patient’s score on the Tampa scale for kinesiophobia (TSK) is over 37 in the post-operative assessment, the physiotherapist will explain to the patient (during the second/third guidance session) how and why some individuals with low back pain may develop a chronic pain syndrome (the fear-avoidance model, [40]). The patient’s experiences of the previous training phase will be reviewed during each guidance sessions. Patients will receive elastic bands (Thera-Band, The Hygenic Corporation, Akron Ohio, USA) and a pedometer (Omron Walking Style II, Kyoto, Japan) for their personal use.
Control arm
Patients randomized to the control arm will be managed according to normal hospital rehabilitation practice. Three months postoperatively patients will receive instructions for home exercises in a single individual guidance session. The exercise program will consist of light muscle endurance (abdominal crunch, bird dog exercise, forward lunge, posterior pelvic tilt), mobility (hamstring stretch, lateral flexion of thoracic spine), and balance exercises (one-leg standing). Patients will be instructed to perform the home exercises 3 times per week.
Outcomes
The outcome measurements will be assessed at baseline (3 months postoperatively), at the end of the exercise intervention period (15 months postoperatively), and after a 1-year follow-up. Only primary outcome variables will be used in the 27 months follow-up assessment.
Primary outcome variables
The intensity of back and lower limb pain during rest and daily activities in the past week will be assessed by means of the visual analogue scale (VAS) [41]. Disability due to back pain during the past week will be assessed by the Finnish version of the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire 2.0 [42]. Quality of life will be evaluated by the Finnish version of the generic SF-36 Health Survey Questionnaire [43].
Secondary outcome variables
Physical function/fitness
Maximal isometric forces of the trunk flexors and extensors will be measured using a strain-gauge dynamometer [44]. Endurance strength of the trunk extensors will be measured by the Biering-Sorensen test [45, 46]. Spinal mobility towards flexion will be measured by the Schober and Stibor tests [47] and fingertip–floor distance tests [45], and lateral bending by the method described by Frost et al. [48]. The intensity of pain during the trunk muscle strength and mobility measurements will be assessed with a VAS. The ‘timed up and go’ test (TUG) will be used to assess functional mobility (power, walk velocity, agility and dynamic balance) [49].
Kinesiophobia
The TSK will be used to measure the subjective experience of fear of movement [50].
Assessment of physical activity and exercise adherence
The amount of physical activity will be evaluated by the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [51]. Training diaries will capture the frequency of the back-specific exercises and pedometers will be used to assess the total amount of daily steps in the intervention arm. The number of aerobic steps (10 minutes of continuous walking more than 60 steps per minute) during one week will be reported at least every second month.
Statistical analysis
Sample size
Cristensen et al. [7] estimated that a sample of ~60 patients (30 per group) is necessary to achieve 85% power for detecting a 25% difference in disability over time (baseline to 1 year), or at a follow-up of a 1 year, with a one-sided significance α-level of 0.05. However, we assume the between-group difference in pain will be lower in our participants. Assuming a dropout rate of 15-20% at the 1-year follow-up, we aim to include at least 80 patients (preferably 100) in our sample.
The clinical outcome variables will be analyzed by the intention-to-treat principle with the last observation carried forward (LOCF). The normality of variables will be evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilk statistic. Statistical comparison between the arms will be done using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, bootstrap-type analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) or multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with Pillai’s trace statistics. A multiple imputation (Markov-chain Monte Carlo) method will be applied to supply possible missing values of individual questionnaire items, when appropriate.
Discussion
This paper describes the rationale and design of a study which will assess the effectiveness of long-term combined back-specific (combination of strength training and training of control of the neutral lumbar spine position) and aerobic training in post-operative rehabilitation after lumbar spine fusion. Previous studies evaluating rehabilitation after LSF surgery are short-term and mostly focus on a specific type of exercise. However, trunk muscle function and health related fitness in patients with chronic low back pain are often so extensively impaired that more comprehensive training is probably needed. The effectiveness of exercise interventions are partly adherence-dependent, and thus special attention will be paid to patients goal setting, monitoring of progression and motivation. The selection of patients aims to reflect the patient population which usually undergoes this operation, and hence we will not be applying any strict exclusion criteria concerning age or comorbidities. This will improve the generalizability and implementability of the results. The results will have practical value in the planning and development of treatment options after lumbar spine fusion.
Abbreviations
LSF:
Lumbar spine fusion
VAS:
Visual analogue scale
TSK:
Tampa scale for kinesiophobia.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
The Academy of Finland has funded this study. We would like to thank Ilkka Marttinen MD, Marko Wahlman MD, Seija Rautiainen, Päivi Kolu MSc, Saku Aalto, and Tiina Kaistila MSc from Tampere University Hospital and Kati Kyrölä MD, Kirsi Piitulainen MSc, Mirja Vuorenmaa MSc, and Petri Salo PhD from the Central Finland Central Hospital for their contributions.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä
(2)
Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Tampere University Hospital
(3)
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center
(4)
Department of Biology of Physical activity, University of Jyväskylä
(5)
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Central Finland Central Hospital
(6)
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Central Finland Central Hospital
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