Loudness affects motion: asymmetric volume of auditory feedback results in asymmetric gait in healthy young adults

Table 1 Results of the habituation period

	loud		quiet		v	s	v*p	s*p	s*v	vps
	left	right	left	right	p	p	p	p	p	p
Stride length
G1	1.005 ± 0.035		1.013 ± 0.045		0.919	–	0.226	–	–	–
G2	0.996 ± 0.027		0.989 ± 0.040		0.919	–	0.226	–	–	–
Step length
G1	0.996 ± 0.049	1.006 ± 0.049	1.017 ± 0.074	1.007 ± 0.050	0.965	0.512	0.148	0.533	0.351	0.320
G2	0.991 ± 0.033	1.003 ± 0.043	0.980 ± 0.055	0.993 ± 0.052	0.965	0.512	0.148	0.533	0.351	0.320
Step width
G1	1.02 ± 0.310		0.98 ± 0.301		0.184	–	0.044*	–	–	–
G2	0.95 ± 0.229		1.11 ± 0.298		0.184	–	0.044*	–	–	–
Gait direction
G1	−0.53° ± 3.60°		0.06° ± 3.29°		0.619	–	0.521	–	–	–
G2	0.36° ± 2.48°		0.30° ± 2.28°		0.619	–	0.521	–	–	–
Stride duration
G1	1.001 ± 0.050		1.001 ± 0.053		0.989	–	0.974	–	–	–
G2	1.999 ± 0.036		0.999 ± 0.039		0.989	–	0.974	–	–	–
Step duration
G1	0.992 ± 0.057	1.014 ± 0.052	1.001 ± 0.056	1.005 ± 0.048	0.572	0.880	0.596	0.269	0.535	0.660
G2	1.007 ± 0.041	0.991 ± 0.042	1.013 ± 0.039	0.994 ± 0.050	0.572	0.880	0.596	0.269	0.535	0.660
Ground contact time
G1	1.015 ± 0.053	0.999 ± 0.042	1.008 ± 0.039	1.005 ± 0.041	0.822	0.847	0.752	0.410	0.334	0.605
G2	0.992 ± 0.035	0.996 ± 0.032	0.994 ± 0.054	1.002 ± 0.032	0.822	0.847	0.752	0.410	0.334	0.605
Gait speed
G1	1.009 ± 0.082		1.018 ± 0.091		0.957	–	0.438	–	–	–
G2	0.996 ± 0.048		0.989 ± 0.066		0.957	–	0.438	–	–	–
Cadence
G1	1.006 ± 0.090		0.992 ± 0.085		0.531	–	0.399	–	–	–
G2	1.003 ± 0.028		1.005 ± 0.035		0.531	–	0.399	–	–	–

Values are mean ± standard deviation. Gait direction is the difference of loud and quiet to the normal setting. All other parameters are loud and quiet relative to the normal setting. The p-values of the statistical analysis (ANOVA) are given in the right table section. The factors volume (v), side (s), the interaction volume*pitch (v*p), side*pitch (s*p), side*volume (s*v), and volume*pitch*side (v*p*s) were analyzed. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05. Significant differences are marked with a*

ISSN: 1471-2474