Skip to main content

Culture-negative chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis in a two months old girl: a case report

Abstract

Background

Previous articles have focused on the diagnosis and treatment of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Here, we present a case of chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis in a 2-month-old girl. The diagnostic procedure was unusual and difficult due to negative culture results.

Case presentation

A girl aged 2 months and 23 days had fever and swelling in her right lower leg for 7 days. On the basis of her medical history, physical, and histological examination results; and radiologic and magnetic resonance imaging findings, a diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis was made. The patient underwent surgical treatment and was discharged successfully. The patient showed good recovery and no sequelae at the 12-month follow-up.

Conclusion

Hematogenous osteomyelitis in babyhood is different from that at any other age. Hematogenous osteomyelitis-related bone destruction in babyhood is more serious and occurs faster. The transition from acute hematogenous osteomyelitis to chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis takes only 7 days. To the best of our knowledge, this chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis patient is the youngest ever reported.

Peer Review reports

Background

Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) is an infection of bone tissue by pathogenic microorganisms and represents the most widespread musculoskeletal infection in childhood [1]. Trauma, neoplasm, inflammatory arthropathy, and synovitis may all present with a clinical picture similar to osteomyelitis.S. aureus is the most common pathogen of septic knee arthritis and acute hematogenous osteomyelitis [2, 3]. In 20% or more of osteomyelitis cases, no organism is identified, making diagnosis challenging [4]. A majority of pediatric AHO cases can be cured by prompt, appropriate therapy. Ineffective or delayed treatment may result in poor outcomes and progression to chronic osteomyelitis [5]. Acute osteomyelitis is characterized by rapid-onset pain and systemic signs within 2 weeks of the onset of infection and usually no radiographic findings [6, 7]. Subacute osteomyelitis is characterized by insidious-onset pain and absence of systemic signs 2 weeks after the onset of infection [8]. In general, chronic osteomyelitis is characterized by the possible of involucrum formation and sequestra, [6] months after the onset of infection [9]. However, clinical symptoms for more than 10 days are related to the progression of bone necrosis and chronic osteomyelitis [10]. Previous studies have rarely reported culture-negative chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. Some articles reported surgical methods for chronic osteomyelitis in children [11, 12]. However, the ages of the chronic osteomyelitis patients were not mentioned. We report a case of culture-negative chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis that had developed in the distal tibial metaphysis in a 2-month-old girl. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published case report of culture-negative chronic osteomyelitis in a patient this young.

Case presentation

A girl aged 2 months and 23 days had fever and swelling in her right lower leg and refused to move her right lower leg for 7 days. The patient’s fever subsided 5 days previously. Her body temperature ranged between 37.6 °C and 38.5 °C for 2 days. However, her right lower leg continuously swelled, with erythematous changes (Fig. 1). The patient would cry when someone pulled on her right lower leg. The patient was carried to our hospital by her parents. Through inquiry about the patient’s medical history, we found that the patient was delivered spontaneously and had no genetic diseases. The patient received a Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination 10 days prior and was not being treated with antibiotics. The patient had no history of other diseases, such as sickle cell disease or leukemia. Physical examination revealed erythema, warmness, and tenderness on her right leg. When move her right knee, she grimaced.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Swelling with erythematous changes in a 2 months old patient

The patient had a normal white blood cell count (WBC); erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); and C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) levels and a negative anti-tuberculous immunoglobulin G result (TB-IgG) (Table 1).

Table 1 Laboratory tests

X-ray examination of her tibia revealed a poorly defined, irregular osteolysis and a moth-eaten pattern and showed a periosteal reaction in the proximal metaphysis of the tibia with adjacent new bone formation. Computerized tomography (CT) in the coronal and sagittal planes revealed moth-eaten and melting signs and irregular erosions on her tibial metaphysis. Cross-sectional CT revealed bone cortex lesions, indistinct borders, and laminated periosteal reactions over a large area. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the tibia showed a T1 hypointense region in the proximal tibia corresponding to an area of hyperintensity on T2-weighted images and a large subperiosteal abscess. MRI revealed periosteal edema, periosteal thickening and adjacent muscle edema (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

a and b Radiographs demonstrated a lytic lesion with periosteal reaction in proximal tibia in a 2 months old patient. c and d CT coronal and sagittal plane revealed a moth-eaten, ice melting sign, irregular erosions on her tibial metaphysis. e-g T1-weighted MRI confirms the processes of hypointense under the proximal tibial physis corresponding to hyperintensity on T2-weighted images with cortical breach and adjacent soft-tissue abscess

The medical history and imaging data led to a diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis that had transformed from acute osteomyelitis due to delayed therapy. However, the serum inflammatory markers and the age of this girl did not support the diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis. It was difficult to make an accurate diagnosis of osteomyelitis or bone tumor. Therefore, surgical biopsy was performed in this patient. A medial proximal tibial incision was made to reveal the lesions. Proximal tibial metaphysis periosteal thickening and edema were clearly visible intraoperatively. The tibial metaphyseal cortex was found to be defective upon incision of the periosteum. The metaphysis was adequately debrided by the creation of a 1 cm*1 cm cortical window to enable access to this region. Bright red tissue was seen in the subperiosteal space and within the metaphysis of the tibia (Fig. 3). We debrided the bright red tissue and sent it, as well as the periosteum, for biopsy and bacterial culture. After extensive debridement, we sutured the periosteum and skin and did not place surgical drains.

Fig. 3
figure 3

a Thicken periosteum in proximal tibia(white arrow) b Bright red tissue in medullary cavity(white arrow)

The patient did not receive intravenous antibiotics or oral antibiotics postoperatively. Fever and leg swelling and erythema resolved. The WBC and ESR as well as CRP and PCT levels were still normal post operation. Cultures of samples that were intraoperatively collected from the wound were negative. It took 2 weeks to confirm chronic inflammation on histological examinations performed by 3 institutions considered authorities in pathological identification.

The patient’s incision healed well and she was released from the hospital without incident. At the last follow-up visit at 12 months post operation, the patient had no pain or limitation in walking. She had no physical or radiographic sequelae.

Discussion and conclusion

AHO occurs mostly in childhood and is caused by bacterial seeding that is thought to be due to transient bacteremia [10, 13]. In contrast to AHO, chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis (CHO) is caused by long-term infection that is thought to develop due to the persistence of microorganisms, low-grade inflammation, and the presence of dead bone (sequestrum) [14, 15]. Theoretically, it is possible for acute osteomyelitis to induce bone necrosis and progress to chronic osteomyelitis within 10 days [16]. In our case, a two-month-old girl progress to chronic osteomyelitis only in 7 days. Previous articles concentrated on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis [13, 17,18,19]. Several articles presented surgical and treatment methods for chronic osteomyelitis, such as debridement and the application of local antibiotics and treatments [11, 12, 20]. To date, few articles have reported the minimum age of chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis patients. This is the first case report chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis in a patient this young.

Diagnosing osteomyelitis was difficult because a causative organism was not identified. Zhorne DJ et al. reported that the positive culture rate was 86% in operative biopsy specimens and 43% in interventional radiology biopsy specimens without pretreatment with antibiotics in a retrospective evaluation of 67 infants and children (60 days to 18 years old) diagnosed with AHO [21]. Rebecca L Floyed et al. reported 40 cases of culture-negative osteomyelitis with initial presentations that were different than those in culture-positive cases and managed as presumed staphylococcal disease with excellent long-term results [4]. In our case, culture of intraoperative samples was negative even though there was no pretreatment with antibiotics. This may be explained by the following: 1. lower serum inflammatory markers have been associated with a higher possibility of negative culture result [22]; or 2. some bacterial species, such as K. kingae, do not grow on routinely used media, and we did not send the specimen for identification by polymerase chain reaction [23, 24]. Osteomyelitis is likely to be present when there are typical clinical and radiographic features of osteomyelitis along with a response to antibiotics in the absence of a positive culture. Peltola and Vahvanen [25] suggested that osteomyelitis be defined by the presence of two of the following criteria: pus aspirated from bone; positive bone or blood culture results; classic symptoms of localized pain, swelling, warmth, and limited range of motion in the adjacent joint; or radiographic changes typical of osteomyelitis. In our case, although undiscernible tissue aspirated from the bone was negative on bone culture, classic symptoms and radiographic changes helped us confirm the diagnosis of osteomyelitis.

The histological findings of chronic osteomyelitis are areas of woven bone and fibrosis with large numbers of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells in the absence of neutrophils [26]. In our specimen, the bright red tissue was osteoblastic with hyperplasia, fibrous hyperplasia and multinucleated giant cells in bone trabeculae on histological examination. The periosteum had been infiltrated by lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells. The immunohistochemistry results were as follows: CD3(+), CD20(+), CD68(+), CD34(+), Desmin(−), and Ki-67(20%). Therefore, the histology results supported the diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Pathological section of bone marrow and periosteum. a Bone marrow: fibrous hyperplasia and multinucleated giant cell reaction. b Periosteum: be infiltrated by lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells

Surgical debridement is indicated for chronic osteomyelitis in association with bone abscess or destruction. A long-term course of parenteral antibiotics for 6 to 8 weeks is often appropriate. In our case, we did not treat this patient with antibiotics postoperation. The reasons were complicated. First, the bright red tissue obtained from the tibia intraoperative focus led the surgeon to arbitrarily diagnose bone tumor.

Second, the patient has no fever and has a normal WBC, ESR, CRP, PCT postoperation. In addition, when the pathology results come out, the patient has a good recovery. Finally, the patient’s incision healed well, and she was released without incident. At the last follow-up visit at 12 months post operation, the patient had no pain or limitation in walking. She had no physical or radiographic sequelae (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5
figure 5

Appearance and radiographs 1 year postoperative

In conclusion, we report a case of culture-negative chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis in the distal tibial metaphysis a 2-month-old girl. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published case report of chronic osteomyelitis in a patient this young.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

Abbreviations

AHO:

Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis

CHO:

Chronic Hematogenous Osteomyelitis

ESR:

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate(ESR)

CRP:

C-Reactive Protein

PCT:

Procalcitonin

BAP:

Bone Alkaline Phosphatase

TB-IgG:

Anti-Tuberculous-immunoglobulin G

CT:

Computerized tomography

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

ROM:

Range of motion

References

  1. Dartnell J, Ramachandran M, Katchburian M. Haematogenous acute and subacute paediatric osteomyelitis: a systematic review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2012;94(5):584–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Helito CP, Teixeira PR, Oliveira PR, Carvalho VC, Pecora JR, Camanho GL, et al. Septic arthritis of the knee: clinical and laboratory comparison of groups with different etiologies. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2016;71(12):715–9. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2016(12)07.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. McNeil JC. Acute Hematogenous osteomyelitis in children: clinical presentation and management. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:4459–73. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S257517.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Floyed RL, Steele RW. Culture-negative osteomyelitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22(8):731–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000078901.26909.cf.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Harik NS, Smeltzer MS. Management of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2010;8(2):175–81. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.09.130.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Blickman JG, Die CEV, Rooy JWJD. Current imaging concepts in pediatric osteomyelitis. Eur Radiol. 2004;14(4):L55–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-003-2032-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lew DP, Waldvogel FA. Osteomyelitis. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(14):999–1007. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199704033361406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. King DM, Mayo KM. Subacute haematogenous osteomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1969;51(3):458–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Riise ØR, Kirkhus E, Handeland KS, Flatø B, Reiseter T, Cvancarova M, et al. Childhood osteomyelitis-incidence and differentiation from other acute onset musculoskeletal features in a population-based study. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8(1):45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-8-45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Lew DP, Waldvogel FA. Osteomyelitis. Lancet. 2004;364(9431):369–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16727-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Andreacchio A, Alberghina F, Paonessa M, Cravino M, De Rosa V, Canavese F. Tobramycin-impregnated calcium sulfate pellets for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2019;28(3):189–95. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPB.0000000000000517.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Canavese F, Corradin M, Khan A, Mansour M, Rousset M, Samba A. Successful treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in children with debridement, antibiotic-laden cement spacer and bone graft substitute. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2017;27(2):221–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-016-1859-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Funk SS, Copley LAB. Acute Hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. Orthop Clin N Am. 2017;48(2):199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocl.2016.12.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Jauregui LESCIJ. Diagnosis and management of bone infections. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1995. p. 37–108.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Caputo GM, Cavanagh PR, Ulbrecht JS, Gibbons GW, Karchmer AW. Assessment and management of foot disease in patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(13):854–60. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199409293311307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Norden C, Nelson JD, Mader JT, Calandra GB. Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of infections of prosthetic hip joints. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15 Suppl 1:S177–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. DeRonde KJ, Girotto JE, Nicolau DP. Management of Pediatric Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis, part I: antimicrobial stewardship approach and review of therapies for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, and Kingella kingae. Pharmacotherapy. 2018;38(9):947–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Al-Qwbani M, Jiang N, Yu B. Kingella kingae –associated pediatric Osteoarticular infections. Clin Pediatr. 2016;55(14):1328–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922816629620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Thomsen I, Creech CB. Advances in the diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Osteomyelitis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2011;13(5):451–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-011-0202-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bar-On E, Weigl DM, Bor N, Becker T, Katz K, Mercado E, et al. Chronic osteomyelitis in children: treatment by intramedullary reaming and antibiotic-impregnated cement rods. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010;30(5):508–13. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181e00e34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhorne DJ, Altobelli ME, Cruz AT. Impact of antibiotic pretreatment on bone biopsy yield for children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Hosp Pediatr. 2015;5(6):337–41. https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2014-0114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kheir MM, Tan TL, Shohat N, Foltz C, Parvizi J. Routine diagnostic tests for Periprosthetic joint infection demonstrate a high false-negative rate and are influenced by the infecting organism. J Bone Joint Surg. 2018;100(23):2057–65. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.17.01429.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Section J, Gibbons SD, Barton T, Greenberg DE, Jo CH, Copley LA. Microbiological culture methods for pediatric musculoskeletal infection: a guideline for optimal use. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97(6):441–9. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.N.00477.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Moumile K, Merckx J, Glorion C, Pouliquen JC, Berche P, Ferroni A. Bacterial aetiology of acute osteoarticular infections in children. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94(4):419–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08035250410023278.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Peltola H, Vahvanen V. A comparative study of osteomyelitis and purulent arthritis with special reference to aetiology and recovery. Infection. 1984;12(2):75–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01641675.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wu JS, Gorbachova T, Morrison WB, Haims AH. Imaging-guided bone biopsy for osteomyelitis: are there factors associated with positive or negative cultures? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(6):1529–34. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.06.1286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the people who helped us in the current study.

Funding

This study was not externally founded.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

CQ, RT and JL contributed equally to this work. Scientific idea: CQ, RT, JL; Project planning: CQ, RT, JL, LH, LX, JF, CZ. Date collecton: RT, JL, LH, LX, JF, CZ; Manuscript writing: CQ, RT, JL, LH; All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cheng-he Qin.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Medical Ethics Committee of Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University has approved the research. The patient’s parents agreed to participate in this study and a signed consent form was obtained from the patient’s parents prior to the study. All procedures were conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication

Written informed consent has been obtained from the parent for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Qin, Ch., Tao, R., Luo, Jw. et al. Culture-negative chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis in a two months old girl: a case report. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 22, 679 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04547-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04547-4

Keywords