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Table 3 Comparison of changes from baseline in outcomes adjusted for baseline values and gender

From: Exercise-induced pain changes associate with changes in muscle perfusion in knee osteoarthritis: exploratory outcome analyses of a randomised controlled trial

 

Exercise group

Control group

Comparison

Mean (SE)

Mean (SE)

Mean Difference (95% CI)

P-value

KOOS changes from baseline

 Pain

8.5 (2.5)

−2.2 (2.5)

10.7 (3.3, 18.1)

0.006

 Symptoms

3.7 (3.1)

−0.9 (3.0)

4.6 (−4.3, 13.6)

0.298

 Function in Daily Living

6.9 (3.0)

0.1 (2.9)

6.7 (−2.3, 15.8)

0.140

 Knee-Related Quality of Life

6.2 (3.7)

−2.2 (3.5)

8.4 (−2.3, 19.0)

0.118

 Function in Sports and Recreation

9.2 (5.8)

−1.0 (5.6)

10.3 (−6.7, 27.2)

0.245

DCE-MRI perfusion variables changes from baseline

 Total Muscle VOI

  Nvoxel%

2.6 (2.3)

−5.2 (2.3)

7.7 (1.0, 14.5)

0.026

  IRExNvoxel

− 51.6 (27.8)

− 154.6 (27.0)

103.0 (22.1, 183.9)

0.014

  IRExNvoxel%

−0.03 (0.02)

−0.13 (0.02)

0.1 (0.03, 0.17)

0.008

  MExNvoxel

1409.8 (3749.7)

− 10,032.9 (3632.9)

11,443.0 (− 531.4, 22,354.0)

0.041

  MExNvoxel%

2.3 (3.1)

−8.3 (3.0)

10.6 (1.7, 19.4)

0.021

 Extensor VOI

  Nvoxel%

0.3 (3.2)

−7.1 (3.1)

7.4 (−1.9, 16.6)

0.114

  IRExNvoxel

−19.1(11.9)

−58.6 (11.6)

39.6 (5.1, 74.1)

0.026

  IRExNvoxel%

−0.03 (0.04)

−0.21 (0.04)

0.18 (0.06, 0.3)

0.005

  MExNvoxel

− 1093.6 (1364.8)

− 3532.2 (1323.2)

2438.6 (− 1.491.4, 6368.6)

0.215

  MExNvoxel%

−0.4 (4.6)

−12.0 (4.5)

11.6 (− 1.8, 25.0)

0.087

 Flexor VOI

  Nvoxel%

3.2 (2.2)

−5.2 (2.1)

8.5 (2.2, 14.8)

0.010

  IRExNvoxel

−31.8 (18.6)

− 96.5 (18.0)

64.6 (10.4, 118.8)

0.021

  IRExNvoxel%

−0.03 (0.02)

− 0.11(0.02)

0.08 (0.02, 0.14)

0.015

  MExNvoxel

3247.0 (2861.0)

− 7200.6 (2770.1)

10,448 (2039.6, 18,856.0)

0.017

  MExNvoxel%

3.2 (2.8)

−8.0 (2.7)

11.1 (3.0, 19.3)

0.009

Physical function changes from baseline

 Muscle strength Knee extension, Nm

  0°/s

−1.0 (4.3)

4.9 (4.1)

−5.8 (− 18.7, 7.0)

0.355

  60°/s

−5.2 (3.0)

1.0 (2.9)

−6.2 (−15.0, 2.6)

0.161

  120°/s

−5.3 (2.8)

−2.5 (2.7)

−2.8 (−11.1, 5.5)

0.488

  180°/s

− 2.7 (2.8)

−1.3 (2.7)

−1.4 (−9.8, 7.0)

0.728

 Muscle strength knee flexion, Nm

  0°/s

5.1 (3.0)

2.2 (2.9)

3.0 (−6.2, 12.1)

0.502

  60°/s

1.2 (2.4)

2.5 (2.3)

−1.3 (−8.5, 5.9)

0.708

  120°/s

−0.02 (1.8)

4.0 (1.8)

−4.0 (−9.4, 1.4)

0.146

  180°/s

−0.6 (2.0)

2.3 (2.0)

−2.9 (−9.1, 3.2)

0.336

 6-min walk distance, m

39.8 (13.7)

1.3 (12.8)

38.4 (−0.76, 77.6)

0.054

  1. ANCOVA Analysis of covariance with each dependent variable adjusted for its baseline value and gender.
  2. Abbreviations: Mean Least Squares means (covariate adjusted means), SE Standard Error, CI Confidence interval, KOOS The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, DCE-MRI Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, Total Muscle VOI A volume of interest consisting of the summed and averaged peri-articular knee extensor and flexor muscle ROIs, Extensor VOI A volume of interest consisting of summed and averaged ROIs of the peri-articular knee extensor muscles, Flexor VOI A volume of interest consisting of summed and averaged ROIs of the peri-articular knee flexor muscles, Nvoxel% Proportion of Highly Perfused Voxels (%), IRExNvoxel Initial Rate of Enhancement Composite Score, IRExNvoxel% Initial Rate of Enhancement Index, MExNvoxel Maximal Enhancement Composite Score, MExNvoxel% Maximal Enhancement index