Project aims
This research effort has three primary aims: 1) identify novel risk factors for MSKI; 2) evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing MSKI prevention initiatives within the U.S. Army Basic Combat Training environment; and 3) develop a predictive model to identify trainees at greatest risk of MSKI.
Design
This is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of U.S. Army trainees undergoing BCT. The study has received approval from the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Institutional Review Board (Protocol Number M-10678) and the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command’s Center for Initial Military Training.
Setting
This research involves on-site data collection from the four U.S. Army Basic Combat Training bases: Ft. Jackson, SC., Ft. Benning, GA, Ft. Sill, OK, and Ft. Leonard Wood, MO.
Participants
Participants will be recruited from incoming classes of male and female trainees. Approximately 4000 trainees (2000 women and 2000 men) will be enrolled. Participants are able to enroll in the study if they meet the following criteria:
Inclusion Criteria: Any U.S. Army trainee who is at least 17 years old.
Exclusion Criteria:
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Individuals who are older than 42 years of age.
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Individuals who are restricted from performing physical activity.
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Individuals who have any self-identified chronic or recent injuries/illnesses that limit physical activity.
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4.
Individuals who self-identify as having a history of bone-modifying disorders (e.g. osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, or rickets).
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5.
Individuals who self-identify as having an endocrine disorder (e.g. diabetes, hypoparathyroidism, or hyperparathyroidism).
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6.
Individuals who report they are currently taking or have taken oral glucocorticoid drugs (e.g. prednisone or hydrocortisone) in the two years prior to the study.
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Individuals who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
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Individuals who have metal in their body in regions that may interfere with the quality of the bone scans (typically from prior injury in the form of rods, plates, pins, etc.).
Study overview
In-person data collection activities will commence during the first week of BCT and continue once each week during the eight weeks of BCT, concluding in the final week of BCT, prior to graduation (Fig. 2). Data from medical and training records will also be collected during BCT and for two years after graduation.
Research procedures
Anthropometrics and body composition testing
Participants will have height and weight measured while in standardized physical training (PT) uniforms (athletic shorts and t-shirt) and without shoes. Height, weight, and body circumference measurements will be taken at the beginning and end of BCT. Circumference measurements will be taken at the neck and waist for males, and at the neck, waist, and hips for females to estimate body fat percent, per U.S. Army regulation 600.9 [24].
Body composition will be assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a Lunar Prodigy system (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI) at the beginning and end of BCT to assess the effects of training on body fat and lean mass. A quality control phantom will be scanned daily to ensure the equipment is calibrated before each data collection session. Total body estimates of percent fat, bone mineral density, and body content of bone, fat, and non-bone lean tissue will be determined using manufacturer described procedures and supplied algorithms (Encore, version 11.40, Lunar Corp., Madison, WI).
Tibial bone microarchitecture and calf muscle morphology
Bone density and microarchitecture will be assessed at the distal and/or mid-shaft tibia in participants using a high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) system (XtremeCT II, Scanco Medical AG®, Brütisellen, Switzerland) at the beginning and end of BCT to assess baseline bone and calf-muscle characteristics and changes in these characteristics over the course of the training period. HR-pQCT technology acquires computed tomography slices with an isotropic voxel size of 61 μm3, allowing for assessment of bone density and microarchitecture in vivo. The region of interest to be scanned will be identified from a 2D scout view by placing a reference line at the distal endplate of the tibia. HR-pQCT measurements will be performed on the non-dominant leg, unless there is a history of fracture in the tibia, in which case the non-fractured leg will be measured [22]. The outcome variables computed by automated analysis include muscle cross-sectional area (mm2); intramuscular fat (% of muscle area); bone volume/total volume; volumetric bone mineral density (mg hydroxyapatite/cm3) for the total, trabecular, and cortical regions; trabecular number (mm− 1), thickness (μm), and separation (μm); and cortical thickness (μm) and porosity (%) [25].
Physical performance testing
A series of physical performance tests will be administered during each iteration to assess muscle function. Before and after BCT, maximum vertical jump height will be used to determine lower extremity muscle power [26]. Three additional tests will be used to quantify baseline muscle function at entry to BCT. To determine lower extremity endurance, trainees will perform single-leg wall squats for as long as possible, up to 60 s [27]. Lower extremity symmetry and functional stability will be assessed using the star excursion test [28], which requires trainees to balance on one leg while reaching as far as possible with the other leg in 8 directions. Finally, ankle range of motion and calf flexibility will be measured by having participants complete a weight-bearing lunge test for distance [29].
Surveys
A series of surveys will be administered to participants throughout BCT. The purpose of these surveys is to obtain information regarding individual characteristics and behaviors.
Background and exit surveys
The background survey will be administered during data collection in the first week of BCT. This survey consists of questions pertaining to the participants’ demographics, physical activity history, injury history, medication and supplement use (e.g., NSAIDs, hormonal contraceptives, multivitamins, etc.) and menstrual cycle history. The exit survey will be administered during the final week of BCT and will include questions similar to the background survey but in reference to the participants’ BCT experience.
Sleep surveys
Sleep surveys, modified from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [30], the Epworth Sleepiness Scale [31], and the Morningness-Eveningness questionnaires [32], will be administered at the beginning and end of BCT and will consist of questions that assess the quantity and quality of sleep of the participants, as well as identify their sleep patterns [30].
Personality characteristics, nutrition, and pain surveys
Additional surveys will be administered both before and after BCT to assess personality traits (e.g. hardiness, grit), average consumption of calcium and vitamin D rich foods, and pain experience and management. These surveys include or are adaptations of the Angela Duckworth Grit Scale [33], the Dispositional Resilience Scale-II [34], the Pain-Catastrophizing Scale [35], the Brief Pain Inventory-SF [36], and a calcium and vitamin D specific survey from NutritionQuest [37].
Weekly survey
The weekly surveys will assess receipt of and/or adherence to supplements currently offered in BCT (e.g. multivitamin with iron, Performance Readiness Bar) and prescription medications (e.g. NSAIDs and hormonal contraceptives), sleep quantity and quality, new or persistent sickness, injuries and pain, and missed training activities associated with sickness or injury during each specific week of BCT.
Biological samples
Fasted blood samples (approximately 35 mL per draw, approximately 70 mL total) will be collected from venous blood at the beginning and end of BCT for assessment of biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption, biochemical markers of metabolism, and genetic biomarkers. Morning void urine sample will also be collected to screen for pregnancy in female participants.
Army records data
Graduation, attrition, physical fitness (Occupational Physical Assessment Test (OPAT) and Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) scores), and medical encounter data will be collected from the training unit and through collection of Army records by the U.S. Army Public Health Center (APHC).
Graduation/attrition
Graduation dates or attrition dates and reason the trainee left the unit will be recorded. APHC will also obtain information on Soldier attrition (date and reason for attrition) both during and after BCT using the Army Training Resources and Requirements System (ATRRS), the Army Management Information System of Record for managing student input to training.
Army fitness tests
The Occupational Physical Assessment Test (OPAT) is given during the accession process to assess physical competency for an individual’s assigned career field and consists of a standing broad jump, seated medicine ball put, dead lift, and timed shuttle run [19]. Raw scores from the participants' final OPAT will be obtained from the unit, or requested directly from the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC).
The Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) is the Army’s standardized test for overall fitness. Baseline fitness data may include 1-min push-ups and sit up scores, as well as a 1-mile run time. End of training test data will consist of 2-min push-up and sit-up scores as well as 2-mile run times. Raw APFT scores will be obtained at the beginning and ending of BCT from the training units.
Medical encounter data
Medical encounter data are entered into a trainee’s official medical record for each medical visit to an Army healthcare provider. Such data include reasons for visit, diagnoses received, tests administered, and prescriptions written and filled. These data will be obtained from the Defense Medical Surveillance System (DMSS) which is maintained by the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Defense Health Agency (DHA) and/or from the Medical Data Repository with oversight from the DHA. Additionally, pharmacy prescription data will be obtained from the DMSS or the DHA Pharmacy Analytics Support Sections Integrated Utilization Branch Pharmacy Operations Divisions. All requests for medical encounter and pharmacy data will be coordinated by the USAPHC through the DHA.
Power calculation
The goal of this prospective observational study is to recruit up to 4000 (2000 males and 2000 females) participants to have sufficient power (≥80%) to detect a statistically significant effect (alpha < 0.05) based on the study design, analysis plan, and an anticipated drop out and loss- to-follow-up of 25% over the 8 weeks. To calculate power and sample size, an approach using multiple study simulations was employed where the percentage of simulated studies that produce a p-value < 0.05 for the relationship of interest would be an estimate of the study power [38]. Within the simulated population, the exposure and outcome distributions for this study were defined and the expected effect size related to the relationship between the predictors and outcomes was accounted for. Monte Carlo methods were used to randomly select individuals from this hypothetical population to create 1000 pseudo study populations. These pseudo populations were used to evaluate our proposed models and to produce p-values indicating the statistical significance between the proposed relationship of the predictors and outcome of interest [39]. Each study simulation was run, increasing the sample size of the individuals selected for the study population until the minimum threshold power of 80% was reached for all primary outcomes, including MSKIs and indices of musculoskeletal adaptation to training.
Statistical analyses
Prediction models will be created that take into consideration both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors as potential predictors of MSKI and bone and muscle adaptation to training. Linear and non-linear relationships between these outcomes and the individual covariates will be explored using both linear models and generalized additive models with naturalized splines. Multiple imputation will be used to handle missing data. Model selection and internal validation will be made using a Monte Carlo cross validation in order to minimize the potential for overfitting the model and to increase the accuracy of prediction so that final results may be applicable to the entire Army.