Aims of the study and review of methods
The basic aim of the study was to describe the period prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in the upper extremities among employees working at VDT workstations representative of German office workstations. In addition, factors predicting the occurrence of symptoms were to be identified. Both aims were achieved.
With the help of a standardised questionnaire and a checklist, the main features of VDT workstations were described, the employees were interviewed regarding their work and possible symptoms, and standardised physical examinations were carried out. The high degree of participation (95% of the subjects addressed) suggested that the employees were very interested in the topic and that the questionnaire was easily to complete. Whereas the high proportion of survey participants may be related to the frequent occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms in VDT workers, the symptoms were apparently not severe enough to motivate the employees to seek medical advice. The checklist for evaluating the VDT workstations (based on BiFra [30, 31]), the employees' questionnaire (based on the Nordic Questionnaire [34] and the COPSOQ [35]), and the physical examination tool kit (based on the SALTSA Study [8]) were well suited for the study and can be recommended for further studies.
Representativeness of the working conditions
Generally, the ergonomic conditions at the investigated workstations can be considered as good or very good. The majority of the working places fulfilled all criteria of the checklist. The only deficiencies regarding the setup of the workplace were detected at VDT workstations where employees only worked for a limited time, such as production or storage areas. As illustrated by the BiFra database, a high ergonomic quality of the workstation can apparently be found in a variety of other industries and services in Germany as well. The comparative presentation of workstation evaluations from the years 2000 to 2005 (n = 7,622), extracted from the BiFra database, and of the results of the presented study revealed the good representativeness of working conditions investigated in the survey (Figure 6). Yet it has to be borne in mind that the good equipment of the workstations influences the observed prevalence of symptoms as well as the predictors derived from the multivariable analyses.
Symptom prevalence
As with the 12-month symptom prevalence, the 1-week prevalence results revealed that the neck and shoulder symptoms were clearly more prevalent than the hand/wrist and elbow/forearm symptoms. With regard to the 12-month prevalence of the whole sample, the highest values were found in the neck (55%) and shoulder (38%) region. The least pronounced prevalence was found in the hand/wrist and elbow/forearm, with values of 21% and 15%, respectively. These results are similar to the findings of a study among computer office workers from the Netherlands using the Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ). In this study, similarly to our findings, the most commonly reported complaints were neck and shoulder symptoms (33% and 31%, respectively), followed by upper arm complaints and hand (12% and 11%), and lower arm, wrist, and elbow complaints (8%, 8%, and 6%) [11]. Comparing the figures, it is important to note that the MUEQ addressed symptoms only if they lasted at least one week during the previous year – thus being different from the Nordic Questionnaire. This fact might explain the considerable differences in the prevalence between the German and Dutch VDT-workers whereas the hierarchy of symptoms was the same in both studies. In a Finnish sample consisting of office workers, customer service workers, and designers, the 12-month prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms were 63% in the neck, 24% in the shoulders, 18% in the elbows, 35% in the lower arms and wrists, and 16% in the fingers [19]. This is a higher prevalence of neck symptoms and symptoms of the lower arms and wrists than in the present study. This might be explained by the higher proportion of women in the Finnish survey.
The prevalence described in the present study can also be qualified by comparing it with the data of the German Health Survey 1998 (BGS'98 [44]), where the 1-week prevalence of specific symptoms was analysed. The data from the BGS'98 were derived from interviews with 7,124 subjects who were arbitrarily selected and who, according to the authors, can be considered representative of the German population. The comparison of both studies is, however, subject to two qualitative restrictions: The BGS study took place 6–7 years before the survey presented, for which reason a bias in the results of the comparison cannot be excluded. Furthermore, the BGS had a response rate of only 61.4%, which may represent another possible bias risk. From the BGS, data of the 5,208 subjects aged between 20 and 60 years were extracted in order to perform an age-related comparison to the results of the present study (Figure 7). The BGS study group consisted of 2,644 women (mean age 41.0 ± 11.4 years) and 2,564 men (mean age 40.8 ± 11.5 years), thus revealing a similar age distribution (mean age 40.9 ± 11.4 years) to the study's participants (mean age 39.9 ± 9.5 years).
Shoulder, elbow/forearm, and hand/wrist symptoms are significantly more common in the BGS group than in the group of VDT workers (Figure 7). These differences are particularly substantial in women.
These findings should not be interpreted in a way that suggests that VDT work has a protective effect on symptoms of the shoulder, elbow/forearm, or hand/wrist. Instead, the authors suppose that the participants of the present study indicated less symptoms as they were thinking mainly on work-related symptoms (negative reporting bias).
Predictors
Based on the generated data, multivariable analyses were conducted for the occurrence of symptoms in the various parts of the body, identifying an optimal set of variables explaining a maximum part of the variance in the presence of symptoms. As a result of this final analysis, only a few predictors could be identified for musculoskeletal symptoms of the upper extremities in the present study focussing on employees working at VDT workstations for more than 1 hour per day. Among the multitude of possible influencing factors investigated, only more than 20 years on the job, a high lack of job satisfaction, typing for at least 6 h/d, and limitations to take breaks significantly increased the 12-month prevalence of one or more musculoskeletal symptoms. In addition, women indicated symptoms in the neck and shoulders more frequently than men.
Most of the studies of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms or disorders reported a higher prevalence of risk in women than in men, regardless of the kind of work or occupation involved. The same difference exists between woman and men regarding VDT users [11, 17, 20, 21, 41–43]. For more details see the review by Wahlstroem [43].
Ekman et al. suggested that the higher prevalence of symptoms in women may be due to non work-related factors or that there could be a difference in the occupational exposure among men and women [42]. In a review [46], possible reasons were summarised in the following four groups:
- differences in task type allocations or work tasks between men and women,
- higher physical stress or stress load of women from non-work activities such as childcare and household work,
- physiological differences, such as different body size or body mass or endocrine functions, and
- differences in the willingness to report or seek medical care for pain or discomfort.
Gerr et al. observed that women had higher values in reporting symptoms and were also at increased risk for disorders confirmed by physical examination [20]. These findings confirm our observation that more women than men took the advantage of the physical examination. Yet in the present study the prevalence of disorders confirmed by physical examination did not differ significantly between men and women. To sum up, there seems to be evidence for women's increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders [20], but more research is needed on this topic.
Psychosocial factors have been discussed as predictors in many previous studies [4, 41, 46]. In a review, high job demands, low decision latitude, time pressure, mental stress, job dissatisfaction, high workload, and lack of social support from colleagues and superiors were suggested as risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in computer workers [43].
In our model we used scales taken from the COPSOQ [35] to consider psychosocial factors concentrating on quantitative demands, cognitive demands, influence at work, social support from colleagues and superiors, social relationship in the company, and job satisfaction. Interestingly enough there was only a low but significant relationship between job satisfaction on the one hand and neck and hand/wrist symptoms on the other. Thus our findings correspond partly to the results of Ariens et al. [4] who described psychosocial factors as independent risk factors for neck pain.
With regard to work organisation, large amounts of typing and limited breaks during VDT work have been described as risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms. In the present study "typing" more than 6 hours per day at a VDT workstation had a significant impact on the prevalence of neck symptoms. A similar exposure ("keying") was reported by Gerr et al. to be positively associated with hand/arm symptoms and disorders [20, 21]. In two Japanese studies, effects of the duration of daily VDT work on physical symptoms [22] or – in women – on the general health status [12] were documented. Bergqvist et al. described that combinations of specific VDT work situations (e.g. typing work, work with a VDT for more than 20 h/week) together with moderating factors were associated with an excess risk of suffering from muscular problems [27, 28]. The importance of the amount of VDT work was documented by Juul-Kristensen & Jensen [12] as well. These authors found that working as much as 75% of the working time at a computer increased the probability of musculoskeletal disorders in the neck/shoulder and elbow/hand.
However it seems to be questionable whether the VDT work as such or other aspects of computer work are related to the symptoms. According to Ariens et al. [4], sitting at work for more than 95% of the working time seems to be a risk factor for neck pain. In the present study sitting was strongly associated with typing and the amount of VDT work. Because of the close correlation between sitting, typing, and VDT work, there is no clear evidence as to which of these factors is the main predictor for neck (or other) musculoskeletal symptoms.
In the scientific literature there seems to be a consensus on poor ergonomic conditions at VDT workstations contributing to musculoskeletal symptoms or disorders [22, 43, 46]. As mentioned above, the majority of the workstations considered in this study were well or very well equipped. Due to this high ergonomic standard and the small variance found in our sample, the workstation characteristics had no effects on symptom prevalence in the multivariable analysis. A similar effect was reported by Michaelis et al. with respect to the possible impact of ergonomic factors on back pain [26].
In the sample investigated, some predictors could be identified for musculoskeletal symptoms of the upper extremities. Due to the stepwise procedure applied in the multivariable analyses, collinear factors could be excluded thus leading to rather slender models for the symptoms in the different regions. Yet it must be borne in mind that most of the ORs, and their lower confidence limits, are very close to unity and that the explained variance in the models was only small (Nagelkerke's R-square: 3–11%).
Physical examination
The figures of employees who voluntarily participated in the physical examination suggests that approximately 8% of the total sample could be addressed with intensive campaigning. The majority of the employees seeking medical advice seemed to do so because of acute or chronic pain.
The symptoms expressed by the employees could mostly be confirmed in the physical examination; tentative diagnoses were made for these cases. The diagnoses also revealed the great importance of symptoms in the shoulder and neck region as the most frequently diagnoses were cervicobrachial disorders, neck disorders, and the rotator cuff syndrome.
Significance of the results
Generally speaking, this study confirms the main findings of the literature [4, 11–29]. Neck and shoulder symptoms occurred significantly more often than symptoms in the distal parts of the upper extremities. Neck symptoms were associated positively with a large amount of typing per day. The data referring to prevalence, gender, age distribution, and duration of daily VDT work in the various studies can be considered comparable despite the fact that the questionnaires differ somewhat. For these reasons the results achieved here can be considered representative. The significant new findings of the current study are based on the simultaneous consideration of various regions of the upper extremities, various time periods (e.g. 1-week, 12-month prevalence), as well as the reporting of confidence intervals.
Limitations of this study
Information about workplaces and VDT workstations was obtained by ergonomists and can be considered objective. In contrast the information about musculoskeletal symptoms, psychosocial factors, and amount of daily VDT work was obtained by a survey of the employees thus being prone to over- or underestimation. The difference between self-reporting and observation of others in physical work was recently assessed to reach between 30–45% [47, 48].
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of symptoms of the upper extremities and neck and to describe possible predictors derived from working conditions. Information about non-occupational stress factors was not assessed, e.g. children at home, household work, ethnicity, or the history of symptoms described as predictors in literature [20]. In addition, the factor work style was not assessed, i.e. the strategy that workers may employ for completing, responding to, or coping with job demands that might affect musculoskeletal health [49, 50].
The possible impact of these factors might account for the fact that the explained variance was only low (Nagelkerke's R-square: 3–11%) in the study presented.
Generally, the study is limited by the cross-sectional design, which is not suitable to assess the causal relationship between variables but only associations.
With regard to sample size and the high response rate (95%), a "healthy worker effect" among the employees addressed has to be considered. In addition, no information was available about the prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints in the small group of 277 employees absent on the assessment day. Sick leave due to musculoskeletal symptoms could be increased in this group. Both factors would lead to a minor underestimation of prevalence in the present study. Nevertheless, the overall response was high; therefore response bias seems to be unimportant.
Preventive measures
The majority of the workstations fulfilled all criteria of the checklist with exception of those workstations that tended to be used irregularly and temporarily, i.e. workstations in the production or storage areas. Thus, the employees had rather good ergonomic conditions. Yet, the symptom prevalence at the VDT workstations investigated in the present study was impressive. The multivariable analyses showed that neck and hand/wrist symptoms occurred less frequently when VDT work was interrupted periodically and other tasks were performed. It is therefore recommendable that office employees vary their tasks regularly – even if the workstation guarantees a high ergonomic standard. In addition, physiotherapeutic measures can be employed to counteract the occurrence or aggravation of tissue injury. Furthermore, employee motivation and the involvement of employees in decision-making processes are measures that may increase job satisfaction and, in doing so, can have a positive impact on the physical as well as mental well-being of the employees.
