We plan to undertake a prospective multi-centre cohort study including all six hospitals (NHS and private) that provide total knee replacements to the population of Coventry and Warwickshire. This represents a diverse population and basic demographic data will be compared to data from the National Joint Registry (NJR) [4] to allow comparison between the study population and the U.K. as a whole.
This study will use methodologies tested in a pilot study undertaken at our institution. This study tested the feasibility of the recruitment procedure and the type and presentation of questionnaires used to measure patient factors.
A consecutive series of patients presenting at clinics at each centre will be approached and if deemed eligible will be asked to consent to take part in the study. Our pilot study showed that this procedure is feasible and that 80% of eligible patients give consent to participate. Based on this figure, we expect to recruit about 60 patients per month, over a recruitment period from April 2013 to July 2014. This should provide a pool of over 1000 patients who are eligible for inclusion in the study, and over 800 who would consent to participate. We have set our recruitment target to be somewhat lower than this to allow for any unexpected recruitment problems. We do not anticipate any serious problems in reaching this target; however, the pilot study took place at one institution, and there may be a drop in recruitment rate when extending the study over multiple sites.
Patients will be recruited from their pre-operative clinic appointment where a baseline assessment of patient factors will take place. Factors assessed include: age; BMI; social support (measured by living alone); deprivation (postcode); knee status and knee pain (Oxford Knee Score - OKS); general health (Short Form-36 - SF-36, which has eight domains across two subscales (mental and physical functioning)); medical co-morbidity (Co-morbidity questionnaire); joint co-morbidity (Joint Co-morbidity questionnaire); psychological co-morbidity (Hospital Depression and Anxiety Score); helplessness and coping style (Arthritis Helplessness Index); expectation (Knee Expectation Questionnaire); and radiographic status (Ahlback Score).
Patients will then be followed up at six and twelve months by postal questionnaire using the OKS, the SF-36, and a satisfaction score.
Setting
Patients listed for a knee replacement within the entire Arden Primary Care Cluster (private and NHS hospitals) will be screened for eligibility.
The participating hospitals are: University Hospital Coventry (University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust (UHCW)); Hospital of St. Cross, Rugby (UHCW); Warwick Hospital (South Warwickshire Hospital NHS Trust); George Elliot Hospital (George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust); BMI Meriden Hospital, Coventry; and Nuffield Hospital Warwick, Leamington Spa.
Eligibility criteria
Patient population inclusion criteria:
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Patients who have a diagnosis of primary osteoarthritis
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Managed with a primary total knee replacement during the study period
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Able to complete questionnaires and give informed consent
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Patients who are over 50 years
Patient population exclusion criteria:
Outcome measures
The primary outcome measure is knee function as measured by the OKS [15] at one year after operation. This condition-specific measure is a 12-item Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM), specifically designed to test knee pain and function. It has been well validated for this group of patients and is used by the U.K. Department of Health in the National Joint Registry.
The secondary outcome measures are the SF-36 [16], a 36 item patient reported measure of general health, which measures eight domains of health, including both physical and mental wellbeing, and a satisfaction score (validated in the pilot work).
Additional data about the process of inpatient treatment will be collected to ensure that there are no important differences in the treatment experiences between patients (e.g. surgical technique or length of stay).
Sample size
We have designed this study to have an 80% power to detect associations, at the 5% level, between pre-operative factors and outcome, with a correlation coefficient of 0.2. This will predict factors that account for more than 4% of the variation in the primary outcome measure, which is below the clinically detectable changes for the OKS. To do this we need to recruit 400 patients (calculation using the pwr package in R, which implements the methods of Cohen (1988) for a linear model) [17].
We plan to use cross-validation methods for model development. As this will effectively reduce the sample of data we use for model fitting by a small factor, we choose to increase the sample size by 20%. Therefore, we require 480 patients with complete follow-up data.
Similar cohort studies have demonstrated a loss to follow up of around 10-15% [5–10]. We expect a loss to follow-up of about 10-15%, but have allowed for 20%. Therefore, our cohort would have to recruit 600 participants to be able to ensure analysis of 480 patients.
Data analysis
The primary analysis will use multiple linear regression models to identify patient factors that are significantly associated with the OKS and the SF-36 (the primary and secondary outcome measures – both have been validated for this group of patients). Logistic regression models to assess dichotomous outcomes (satisfaction) will also be used. Other factors that may affect outcome (e.g. level of experience of surgeon) will also be incorporated into the model. Diagnostic analysis will be used to assess model assumptions. Cross-validation techniques (e.g. 10 fold cross validation) will be used to inform model building and predictive power [18].
In our study that validated the tools we are using, 2.4% of cases had missing data at baseline assessment. Patterns of missingness will be investigated, for instance using missingness as the response variable in a logistic regression model, to assess whether there is any non-random element to the missing data.
We expect a loss to follow up of 10-15% and will use complete case analysis of follow up data as the primary analysis. As a sensitivity analysis to explore the effects of missing data we will use multiple imputation using standardised methods available through statistical packages (e.g. Multiple Imputation using Chained Equations). Results of both imputational analysis and complete case analysis will be presented.
Factors that predict outcome will form part of a streamlined questionnaire. The statistical analysis will allow weighting of the included factors, providing an estimate of outcome. Therefore, the outcome prediction tool will consist of both a streamlined questionnaire, and an associated algorithm.
High-level analysis will be undertaken in R [19] and also some data management and validation in SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 22.0.), under the direction of an experienced statistician (NP).
Regulatory approval
This study has been approved by the Northampton National Research Ethics Service (12/EM/0336), and all relevant local approvals at all participating sites.