Patient reported outcomes (PROs) are important measures in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A register of patients with RA from all rheumatology care providers in Malmö, Sweden, was established in 1997 and has been continually updated. This register includes virtually all the RA patients in the area. The aim of this study was to analyse PROs in surveys of this population conducted between 1997 and 2009, and to assess differences in treatment and outcome in male and female patients.
Method
In 1997, 2002, 2005 and 2009, questionnaires were sent to the RA patients in the register (n = 1016 in 1997; n = 916 in 2002; n = 1625 in 2005; n = 1700 in 2009). Response rates varied between 62 % and 74 %, and 72-74 % was women. Questionnaire data included medication and measures of disability and health related quality of life. Data on rheumatoid factor (RF) tests were retrieved from the databases of the two clinical immunology laboratories in the area. In order to limit the impact of changes in the case mix over time, the study was restricted to RF positive patients. The analyses were stratified by sex.
Results
Patients reported less severe outcomes for all measures in the later surveys compared to 1997, and patients’ global disease activity assessment and self-reported pain were further improved in 2009 compared to 2005. Treatment with biologics increased over time from 1997 (none) to 2009 (29%), with no difference between men and women. Visual analogue scales (0-100) for patients’ global assessment of disease activity [mean 45 (95 % CI (45-47) vs. 38 (35-40)] and pain [mean 46 (44-49) vs. 38 (36-40)] decreased from 1997 to 2009, with numerically greater improvement in male patients. The mean SF-36 physical component scores also improved, and were higher in men than in women in all surveys.
Conclusion
Pharmacologic treatment of RA became more extensive over time, and there was improvement in all PROs. Despite similar treatment, male patients reported better outcomes, in particular for pain and physical function, compared to female patients. We suggest that patient reported outcomes should be reported separately in male and female patients with RA.
Background
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory disorder, which is characterized by progressive joint damage and has a major impact on physical function and health related quality of life (HRQoL). There is evidence indicating that the disease has become less severe during the last decades, possibly due to better management with more extensive treatment, or secular changes in other factors influencing disease severity. For example, a lower disease activity and disability in 1995 compared to 1978 has been demonstrated in Swedish patients with RA[1], and a recent survey indicated that the incidence of total hip arthroplasties has decreased in RA patients over time[2]. Furthermore, severe extra-articular RA manifestations such as vasculitis have also become less frequent in recent years[3]. On the other hand, in poor countries many patients still have active, uncontrolled disease[4].
A patient-reported outcome (PRO) is a questionnaire used in a clinical trial or a clinical setting, where the responses are collected directly from the patient. A number of PROs are validated measures that are considered relevant outcomes in quantitative research[5] and feasible, quantitative measures for standard rheumatology clinical care[6]. RA is far more common in women, and sex specific factors may also influence various aspects of disease severity, including PROs. For example, there seem to be gender differences with worse reported HRQoL among female patients with early RA[7], and a fourfold increased risk of work disability in women with RA compared to men[8]. The impact of recent changes in management and recent secular changes on such differences is unknown.
Our aim was to investigate changes over time in PROs such as visual analogue scales (VAS) for patients’ global assessment of disease activity and pain, disability and HRQoL, as well as treatment in male and female patients in a population-based sample of patients with RA.
Methods
Patients
In 1997, a register of all known patients with RA in the city of Malmö, Sweden, was established. Inclusion was based on a clinical diagnosis of RA by a rheumatologist and fulfilment of the 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for RA[9].
The corresponding background population of Malmö was 251,000 in 1997. Patients were recruited from the rheumatology outpatient clinic of Malmö University Hospital (as of 2010 a part of Skåne University Hospital), which is the only hospital serving the city, and from the four rheumatologists in private practice in Malmö[10]. The close collaboration between the university clinic and the private practitioners and the methods for recruiting patients to the register, which has been continuously updated after 2002, have been described in detail previously[10, 11, 2].
The prevalence of RA in the area (approximately 0.5 % among those aged 20 years and above) and the sex and age distributions in the Malmö RA register were found to be comparable to the RA prevalence in a study from a population-based RA register in Oslo, Norway[12]. Subsequent surveys using the diagnostic index of primary care centres and questionnaires sent to other physicians in the area indicate that >90% of all patients with diagnosed RA in the city at that time were included in the register. All registered cases with RA were validated by review of the case records as previously described[11, 2].
Variables
In 1997, 2002, 2005 and 2009, self-administered questionnaires were sent to the patients in the Malmö RA register. Demographics, working status, medication with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), visual analogue scales (VAS) for general health and pain, use of healthcare, the Swedish version of the health assessment questionnaire (HAQ)[13], and HRQoL as measured by the Swedish version of the short form (SF)-36 were assessed[14, 15].
SF-36 is a generic measure of eight health dimensions (physical functioning, physical role, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, mental health) with scale from 0 to 100 (0 worst health). A reminder was sent to patients who did not answer the questionnaire the first time.
The study was approved by the regional research ethics committee in Lund, Sweden. Data on rheumatoid factor (RF) tests were retrieved from the databases of the two clinical immunology laboratories in the area. In order to limit the impact of changes in the case mix, in particular regarding mild, RF negative cases, over time, in the present comparison, only patients with at least one positive RF test were included. The analyses were stratified by sex.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed with version 18.0 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). As the questionnaire data in 1997, 2002, 2005 and 2009 included partly overlapping patient populations, no formal statistical comparisons were made between these patient cohorts. Too few had responded to repeated surveys to allow meaningful longitudinal data analyses. Variables with a normal distribution are presented as means with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) whereas those with a non-normal distribution are presented as medians with interquartile ranges (IQR). As a conservative estimate we assumed that a significant change had occurred if the 95% CIs of a measure in 1997 and at subsequent years of examination did not overlap. The SF-36 scores were compared to the expected derived from normative values from the Swedish population[16] for each individual, and mean differences from the expected with 95 % CI were calculated for each survey. CIs not including zero were interpreted as indicating a significant difference from the expected.
Results
In 1997, 2002, 2005 and 2008, questionnaires were sent to the RA patients in the register (n = 1016 in 1997; n = 916 in 2002; n = 1625 in 2005 and n = 1700 in 2009). Overall response rates were 74 %, 66 %, 64 % and 62 %, respectively. The demographics of responders with at least one positive test for RF are shown in Table 1. There was no major difference in disease duration and age between the surveys (Table 1).
Table 1
Demographics, treatment and patient reported outcomes in four surveys of RF positive patients in the Malmö RA population
1997
2002
2005
2009
N
668
438
517
454
Disease duration years, mean (SD)
15.0 (13.6)
16.7 (12.5)
15.8 (12.5)
17.2 (12.1)
Female sex
497 (74%)
321 (73%)
368 (71%)
331 (73%)
Age; years, mean
61.9 (14.1)
63.9 (13.6)
62.9 (14.2)
63.8 (13.4)
Current treatment proportion (95 % CI)
Corticosteroids
19% (16-22)
30% (26-35)
26 % (23-30)
31 % (27-35)
Biologic
0
16% (12-19)
23 % (19-27)
29 % (25-33)
Methotrexate
20% (17-23)
44% (40-49)
56 % (52-60)
58 % (54-63)
Patient reported outcomes mean (95% CI) unless otherwise noted
HAQ*
1.12 (0.50-1.75)
1.00 (0.50-1.62)
0.88 (0.38-1.38)
0.88 (0.38-1.5)
VAS global
44.8 (42.3-47.4)
40.0 (37.6-42.4)
41.8 (39.6-44.1)
37.6 (35.2-40.0)
VAS pain
46.3 (43.7-48.9)
41.1 (38.8-43.5)
40.8 (38.6-43.0)
38.2 (35.8-40.7)
SF-36 PCS
32.1 (31.0-33.1)
33.2 (32.2-34.4)
34.6 (33.6-35.7)
35.2 (34.0-36.4)
SF-36 MCS
45.4 (44.0-46.7)
46.7 (45.4-48.1)
47.9 (46.7-49.0)
47.1 (45.9-48.3)
* median (IQR).
PCS = Physical component score.
MCS = Mental component score.
Temporal trends in treatment and PROs
More patients were treated with methotrexate in 2005 and 2009 compared to 1997 (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Current treatment with methotrexate and biologics in RF positive rheumatoid arthritis patients in 1997, 2002. 2005 and 2009, by sex.
As expected, treatment with TNF inhibitors and other biologics was only reported in 2002 and later. Reported current treatment with biologics increased gradually over time from 2002 to 2009, without major differences between male and female patients (Figure 1). In 2009, 29% of patients of both sexes were treated with biologics. Triple therapy with methotrexate, sulphasalazine and antimalarials was used in <1% in 1997, 2002 and 2009. For 2005 data on triple therapy were not available.
Patients’ global assessment of disease activity and pain both decreased substantially from 1997 to 2009 (Table 1). There was a similar trend for HAQ, with the exception of 2005 and 2009, when the median HAQ score was stable (Table 1). The mean SF-36 physical component scores were substantially better in the later surveys (Table 1). In particular, there was improvement over time in the physical health related scales for physical functioning, role physical and body pain (Figure 2). There were similar, although more modest, changes in the SF-36 mental component score (Table 1) and the mental health related scores (Figure 3). Despite these improvements, even in 2009 the scores were significantly lower compared to the expected derived from normative values from the Swedish population (mean difference with 95% CI for Physical functioning 21.9 (19.3-24.4), Role physical 21.2 (17.0-25.5) Body pain 18.4 (16.3-20.5), General health 19.0 (16.8-21.3), Vitality 15.6 (13.1-18.1), Social functioning 13.6 (11.0-16.2), Role-emotion 15.2 (11.1-19.2) and Mental health 7.4 (5.3-9.5)).
Figure 2
SF-36 Physical health related scales in RF positive rheumatoid arthritis patients in 1997, 2002. 2005 and 2009. Means with 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 3
SF-36 Mental health related scales in RF positive rheumatoid arthritis patients in 1997, 2002. 2005 and 2009. Means with 95% confidence intervals.
Sex differences in PROs
There was no major difference in age between male and female responders in either of the surveys (Table 2). Male patients reported better outcomes with lower point estimates for VAS global, VAS pain and HAQ and higher point estimates for SF-36 PCS and SF-36 MCS (Table 2) in all four surveys (Table 2). In addition, the numerical differences for all these outcomes between mean values in 2009 vs 1997 were greater for men than women, especially for VAS pain (difference 11.5 in men vs. 7.0 in women) and VAS global (difference 9.2 in men vs. 7.1 in women) (Table 2). When examining SF-36 domain scales individually, a similar pattern was seen for all domains, with higher values for male patients than for females at all time points (Table 3). The difference between men and women in physical functioning was consistent in all surveys, with non-overlapping confidence intervals, and increased numerically over time (Table 3). For role physical, bodily pain and vitality, similar increasing differences were seen over time, with consistently higher values in men, in particular in the latter two surveys (where the CI were non-overlapping compared to women) (Table 3). The difference in mental component scores was smaller with less change over time (Table 2). In all four surveys, female as well as male patients with RA had lower scores for all SF-36 domains compared to the expected derived from sex-specific population based normative values, with CIs not overlapping zero for all differences, and numerically greater differences for women (data not shown).
Table 2
Demographics and patient reported outcomes in four surveys of RF positive patients in the Malmö RA population, by sex
1997
2002
2005
2009
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
N
497
171
321
117
362
148
326
120
Age
62.0
61.8
64.0
63.6
62.8
63.2
63.8
63.7
Mean (SD)
(14.2)
(13.7)
(14.0)
(12.6)
(14.8)
(12.9)
(13.9)
(12.3)
HAQ
1.4
1.0
1.1
0.6
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.4
Median (IQR)
(0.6-2.0)
(0.1-1.3)
(0.6-1.8)
(0.1-1.4)
(0.5-1.6)
(0.0-1.0)
(0.5-1.6)
(0.0-1.1)
VAS pain
48.3
40.4
43.2
35.7
43.2
34.4
41.3
28.9
(45.3-51.4)
(35.3-45.6)
(40.4-45.9)
(31.3-40.0)
(40.6-45.8)
(30.2-38.5)
(38.4-44.1)
(24.6-33.1)
VAS global
46.4
40.5
41.6
35.6
43.8
36.6
39.3
31.3
(43.4-49.3)
(35.5-45.5)
(38.8-44.5)
(31.3-39.8)
(41.2-46.5)
(32.3-40.8)
(36.5-42.2)
(27.0-35.5)
SF-36 PCS
30.8
35.6
32.3
35.8
33.2
38.3
33.8
39.7
(29.7-32.0)
(33.5-37.7)
(31.1-33.6)
(33.7-38.0)
(32.0-34.4)
(36.3-40.3)
(32.4-35.1)
(37.5-41.9)
SF-36 MCS
44.8
46.9
46.5
47.5
47.1
50.0
46.4
49.2
(43.2-46.4)
(44.4-49.4)
(44.8-48.1)
(45.1-49.9)
(45.7-48.5)
(47.9-57.1)
(45.0-47.9)
(46.9-51.5)
All values are means (95% CI) unless otherwise noted.
PCS = Physical component score.
MCS = Mental component score.
Table 3
SF-36 domain scores in four surveys of RF positive patients in the Malmö RA population, by sex
1997
2002
2005
2009
SF-36 domain
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
WOMEN
MEN
Physical functioning
43.1
52.8
46.2
53.8
47.0
60.7
49.9
61.9
(40.4-45.8)
(48.2-57.4)
(43.2-49.2)
(48.6-59.0)
(44.2-49.9)
(56.1-65.3)
(46.8-52.9)
(56.6-67.2)
Role physical
33.6
45.7
36.7
47.7
42.6
58.5
43.5
62.2
(29.1-38.1)
(37.6-53.8)
(31.8-41.6)
(38.7-55.7)
(38.1-47.2)
(51.1-65.8)
(38.6-48.3)
(54.4-70.1)
Body pain
39.6
46.1
44.1
49.0
46.4
53.9
46.2
58.3
(37.4-41.9)
(41.9-50.3)
(41.7-46.5)
(45.2-52.9)
(44.2-48.6)
(50.4-57.5)
(43.8-48.6)
(53.8-62.7)
General health
42.7
48.0
45.4
50.6
46.8
53.1
47.9
54.0
(40.4-45.0)
(44.0-52.0)
(42.9-47.9)
(46.4-54.8)
(44.5-49.1)
(49.3-56.9)
(45.4-50.5)
(49.7-58.3)
Vitality
44.5
48.5
45.7
50.4
48.2
56.2
47.2
56.8
(41.9-47.0)
(44.1-53.0)
(43.0-48.4)
(45.7-55.2)
(45.7-50.7)
(52.2-60.3)
(44.4-49.9)
(51.7-61.9)
Social functioning
66.1
71.9
68.9
70.4
70.6
80.2
69.9
77.4
(63.1-69.2)
(67.0-76.9)
(65.8-72.1)
(65.2-75.6)
(67.6-73.5)
(76.4-84.1)
(66.8-73.0)
(72.5-82.3)
Role-emotional
51.0
61.6
57.7
61.9
59.8
70.3
59.9
72.5
(45.9-56.1)
(53.1-70.1)
(52.4-63.0)
(53.7-70.1)
(55.1-64.5)
(63.3-77.3)
(55.0-64.7)
(65.0-79.9)
Mental health
66.8
76.0
69.7
77.6
70.9
72.9
70.1
69.9
(64.3-62.3)
(71.9-80.0)
(67.0-72.3)
(74.1-81.0)
(68.6-73.3)
(68.8-77.0)
(67.7-72.6)
(65.8-74.0)
All values are means (95% CI).
Discussion
In this study, we found that treatment with biologics and corticosteroids increased over time, and there was improvement in all patient reported outcomes. Despite similar treatment, male patients reported better outcomes and more improvement, in particular for the impact of pain, compared to female patients.
Several previous studies have reported improved outcomes over time in comparisons of samples of patients with RA evaluated at different time points. Such improvements were observed in patients’ clinical status according to disease activity[1, 17], functional capacity[17–19], radiographic scores[17, 20], and other clinical measures[17]. This most likely at least partly reflects the fact that management and treatment of RA has become more efficient in recent years. Several clinical trials have shown that tight control of disease activity can be achieved in many patients with early RA by optimizing treatment with traditional DMARDs[21, 22]. Current guidelines emphasize the importance of a treat to-target approach[23], with addition of TNF-inhibitors and other biologics in refractory cases or as first line therapy in patients with a severe prognosis[24, 25]. Currently, decision making about treatment of RA in the studied population and in other parts of Sweden is largely based on national guidelines[25]. In Malmö, initiation of treatment with biologics is discussed at a scheduled meeting, to ensure uniform indications in clinical practice.
Triple therapy with methotrexate, sulphasalazine and antimalarials was rarely used in this cohort. The low use of triple therapy in 2009 was similar to that observed in 2010 in a cross sectional study from Kristiansand, Norway[26], but lower than that reported from Jyväskylä, Finland, where biologics were less extensively used[26]. The comparison between the cohorts from Kristiansand and Jyväskylä suggested that good functional status may be reached with combination of conventional DMARDs[26].
Improvement of PROs in patients with RA is of major clinical relevance. Not only are reduced disability and improved HRQoL important treatment goals in themselves, but such measures also predict long term outcomes. For example, disability, measured using HAQ, has been shown to predict mortality in several studies[4, 27, 28].
In the survey performed in 2009, patients with RA had significantly lower scores for physical as well as mental components of HRQoL compared to the expected based on normative data. This suggests that although patients with RA surveyed in 2009 were significantly improved compared to previous investigations in 1997, 2002 and 2005, there is still a major difference in HRQoL compared to the general population. Evidently, there is still need for further improvements in the management of RA.
Influence of gender on various aspects of disease severity has been described in several studies. One retrospective review of a community based sample revealed a higher proportion with erosive disease in male patients, but a greater number of orthopaedic procedures in women[29]. In studies of the Swedish multi-centre early RA BARFOT cohort, women had slightly higher disease activity, measured using the DAS28 score, compared to men already at baseline[30, 31], mainly due to higher numbers of tender joints and worse rating of general health[31]. The difference in DAS28 increased over time[31] and was still present after 8 years of follow-up[32]. However, male patients had higher CRP at baseline[30] and there was no difference in baseline radiographic joint damage or progression of joint damage over time[31], although other studies have suggested that female gender may be an independent predictor of radiographic progression[33]. In the BeST study, a randomized controlled trial of 4 response-driven treatment strategies, female patients were significantly less likely to achieve drug-free remission[34]. PROs, including the HAQ, have also been noted to be worse in female patients compared to males in a large multinational database[35].
One possible explanation for such differences could be lower muscle mass in women. However, in our study, there were major differences in SF-36 scores compared to the general population for both sexes, with greater numerical differences for women.
The results of the present study are compatible with the concept that a higher pain perception in women is part of the explanation for these findings. This may reflect patterns that are not specific for RA, since chronic widespread pain is twice as frequent in women as in men in the general population[36], and female sex may be a predictor of future chronic widespread pain in individuals with regional pain[37]. On the other hand, the relative impact of RA on co-morbidity and mortality may be at least as great in women as in men. In a survey that included part of the population of the present study, treatment with TNF inhibitors was associated with a lower mortality in women, but not in men[28]. These differences are of major clinical relevance, and the underlying mechanisms should be further studied.
The major strengths of this study include the use of a community-based register of patients with RA diagnosis from a well-defined area, with structured assessment using repeated questionnaires during a period of 11 years.
Limitations include the sample size, which affects the precision of some of the outcome estimates, the lack of longitudinal data for analysis of individual cases, and the lack of available objective measures of disease activity due to the study design.
Conclusions
In a well-defined population of patients with RA that received more aggressive treatment over time, we have demonstrated improvement in patient reported outcomes.
Despite similar treatment, male patients reported better outcomes and greater improvements over time, especially for pain and physical function. We suggest that patient reported outcomes should be reported separately in male and female patients with RA.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
We thank Lennart Truedsson and Gunnel Henriksson for providing information from the clinical immunology databases on RF tests.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University
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