Table 1 Inclusion- and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

All patients with chronic* low back pain** as a primary or secondary consulting reason in general practice.

*”chronic” was defined as pain during most days in the last three months.

**”low back pain” means pain in the back area under the costal arch, but over the bottom fold (with or without pain radiation).

Exclusion criteria

- patients under 18 years

- pregnant women

- persons with insufficient fluency of speaking German language or dementia (subjective impressed by doctor)