Table 1 Characteristics of patients with isolated extremity fracture
High-lactate group | Low-lactate group | p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | 47 | 140 | ||||
Age, years, median (IQR) | 57 | (44–74) | 78 | (55–86) | 0.58 | |
Sex, male, n (%) | 29 | 61.7% | 56 | 40.0% | 0.01 | |
Comorbidities, yes, n (%) | 34 | 73.9% | 116 | 83.5% | 0.19 | |
Mechanism, n (%) | ||||||
Fall | 28 | 62.0% | 95 | 70.4% | 0.37 | |
Traffic collision | 13 | 29.0% | 27 | 20.0% | 0.30 | |
Penetrating | 0 | 0.0% | 4 | 3.0% | 0.36 | |
Vital signs upon arrival, median (IQR) | ||||||
GCS | 15 | (15–15) | 15 | (15–15) | 0.43 | |
RR, cycles/min | 18 | [16–20] | 18 | [16–20] | 0.21 | |
HR, beats/min | 89 | (78–101) | 79 | (68–90) | 0.01 | |
sBP, mmHg | 140 | (120–155) | 142 | (126–161) | 0.56 | |
SpO2, % | 98 | (96–99) | 97 | (96–99) | 0.33 | |
Injury site, n (%) | ||||||
Upper extremity | 8 | 17.0% | 18 | 12.9% | 0.94 | |
Humerus | 2 | 4.3% | 1 | 0.1% | ||
Ulnar/radius | 4 | 8.5% | 12 | 8.6% | ||
Phalange | 1 | 2.1% | 0 | 0% | ||
Other | 1 | 2.1% | 5 | 3.6% | ||
Lower extremity | 32 | 68.1% | 144 | 102.9% | 0.48 | |
Femur | 21 | 44.7% | 95 | 67.9% | ||
Tibia/fibula | 8 | 16.7% | 28 | 20.0% | ||
Phalange | 0 | 0% | 9 | 6.4% | ||
Other | 3 | 6.9% | 12 | 8.5% | ||
Fracture type, open, n (%) | 25 | 53.2% | 47 | 33.6% | 0.04 | |
Crush injury | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | N/A | |
Injury severity, median (IQR) | ||||||
ISS | 9 | (9–9) | 9 | (9–9) | 0.81 | |
Ps | 99 | (97–99) | 97 | (97–97) | 0.66 | |
Lactate level, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 2.3 | (2.1–2.8) | 1.1 | (0.9–1.5) | 0.23 | |
Lactate in venous sample, n (%) | 31 | 66% | 58 | 41% | 0.73 | |
OR waiting time, h, median (IQR) | 4.7 | (3.2–9.9) | 5.2 | (3.5–8.2) | 0.20 | |
Type of surgery, n (%) | ||||||
ORIF | 39 | 84.8% | 111 | 79.3% | 0.68 | |
Hemiarthroplasty | 5 | 10.9% | 28 | 20.0% | 0.19 | |
Arthroplasty | 2 | 4.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 0.61 | |