Table 2 Characteristics of included studies, that measured stiffness with myotonometry

LBP

CON

Wu et al., 2019 [33],

China

n = 80

40 LBP (20 M, 20 F):

63.4 ± 8.4 y

40 CON (20 M, 20 F):

63.6 ± 6.9 y

Chronic LBP

MyotonPRO:

Stiffness [N/m]

319.2 ± 73.8*

277.1 ± 44.7

Individuals with LBP have higher stiffness.

Ilahi et al., 2020 [30],

USA

n = 50

25 LBP (9 M, 16 F):

33.1 ± 1.4 y

25 CON (9 M, 16 F):

31.4 ± 1.5 y

Chronic LBP

MyotonPRO:

Stiffness [N/m]

239.2 ± 58.6

237.3 ± 89.2

No differences in stiffness between individuals with and without LBP. Females with LBP have higher stiffness.

Alcaraz-Clariana et al., 2021b [47],

Spain

n = 86

43 LBP (28 M, 15 F):

40.2 ± 12.3 y

43 CON (28 M, 15 F):

39.2 ± 11.3 y

Subacute LBP

MyotonPRO:

Stiffness [N/m]

303.8 ± 64.8

284.2 ± 82.6

No differences in stiffness between individuals with and without LBP.

Alcaraz-Clariana et al., 2021a [46],

Spain

n = 66

33 LBP (22 M, 11 F): 41.9 ± 14.8 y

33 CON (20 M, 13 F): 37.0 ± 10.9

Acute LBP

MyotonPRO:

Stiffness [N/m]

289.9 ± 76.2

283.7 ± 75.4

No differences in stiffness between individuals with and without LBP.