Table 1 Characteristics of included studies, NA; not available
Author and Year | Participants | Number of participants (Male/Female) (Age ± Standard Deviation) | Interventions | Comparison | Duration of Exercise (weeks), (day/week), (Time/session (min)) | Variable / Condition | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salamat et al., 2020 [22] | Students | Corrective Functional Exercises: 12 (12/0) (11.5 ± 1.16) Corrective Plays: 12 (12/0) (11.33 ± 1.07) Control Group: 12 (12/0) (11.66 ± 1.07) | Group 1: Functional Corrective Exercises Group 2: Corrective Plays | No Exercise | (8), (3), (NA) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | Significant differences were observed in forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis in the intervention groups. Corrective plays had a higher positive effect on the forward head and kyphosis. |
Maarouf et al., 2020 [13] | Basketball Players in Wheelchairs | Intervention group: 12 (12/0) (5.08 ± 39.80) Control Group: 12 (12/0) (11.23 ± 43) | Scapular Stability exercises | No Exercise | (8), (5), (60) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | Significant improvement in forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis angles in the intervention group |
Karimian et al., 2019 [23] | Teachers | Group: 12 (45.2 ± 8.1) Control Group: 11 (44.1 ± 7.8) | Corrective Exercises with Ergonomic Interventions | No Exercise | (12), (3), (45–60) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | In exercise groups, significant differences were observed in the forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis angles. |
Piri et al., 2021 [18] | Beautician women | Experimental Group: 20 (0/20) (33.40 ± 2.30) Control Group: 20 (0/20) (31.95 ± 1.47) | Myofascial Release, Stretching Exercises, and Dynamic Exercises | No Exercise | (12), (3), (60) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | Significantly reduced forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis angles in the intervention group |
Abdolahzade et al., 2019 [10] | Female Students | Intervention Group: 15 (0/15) (20.53 ± 1.55) Control Group: 15 (0/15) (20.00 ± 2.00) | Corrective Exercises based on NASM | No Exercise | (8), (3), (30–70) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | Significant improvement was found in the NASM group’s forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis angles. |
Hajizadeh et al., 2021 [11] | Martial Artists | Intervention group: 15 (15/0) (24.20 ± 4.12) Control Group: 15 (15/0) (24.66 ± 3.56) | General corrective Exercises | No Exercise | (10), (3), (30–70) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | Significant changes in forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis angles in the experimental group |
Cheshomi et al., 2017 [24] | Female volleyball and handball players | Intervention group: 18 (18/0) (29.18 ± 4.92) Control Group: 18 (18/0) (27.11 ± 5.74) | Strengthening and stretching exercises | No Exercise | (6), (3), (NA) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | Significant changes in forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis angles in the experimental group |
Hosseini and et al., 2016 [25] | Male Students | General corrective exercise group: 15 (15/0) (23.07 ± 2.03) Vibration group: 15 (15/0) (23.05 ± 2.03) Control Group: 15 (15/0) (24.40 ± 2.10) | Group 1: General corrective exercises Group 2: corrective exercises combined with vibration | No Exercise | (6), (3), (30–60) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | Significant reduction in forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis angles was observed in both intervention groups—the vibration group showed greater improvement . |
Haji Hosseini et al., 2014 [12] | Female Students | Strengthening exercise group: 10 (10/0) (21.50 ± 1.08) Stretching exercise group: 10 (10/0) (22.10 ± 1.80) Combined exercise group: 10 (10/0) (22.08 ± 1.97) Control Group: 10 (10/0) (22.90 ± 2.07) | Group 1: Strength Exercises Group 2: Stretching Exercises Group 3: Combined Exercises | No Exercise | (6), (3), (30–70) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | Significant reduction in forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis angles was observed in all exercise groups, with the combination group showing the most significant reduction. |
Miri et al., 2022 [26] | Female Students | Corrective exercise group: 8 (8/0) (16.75 ± 0.07) Postural education group: 8 (8/0) (15.50 ± 0.75) Combined group: 8 (8/0) (16.75 ± 1.03) Control Group: 8 (8/0) (16.00 ± 1.19) | Group 1: corrective exercises Group 2: postural training Group 3: corrective exercises and postural training | No Exercise | (8), (3), (60) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | Significant differences were observed in forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis angles in all intervention groups. |
Javazi et al., 2019 [27] | Female Students | Intervention group: 12 (12/0) (22.00 ± 1.53) Control Group: 12 (12/0) (21.58 ± 1.88) | Corrective exercises with physioball | No Exercise | (6), (3), (60) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | Significant differences were observed in the intervention group’s forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis angles. |
Ahmadi et al, 2022 [28] | Female Students | Intervention Group: 12 (0/12)( 22.4 ± 1.3) Control Group: 12 (0/12)( 22.2 ± 0.33) | Aquatic Corrective Exercises | No Exercise | 8), (3), (50–70) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | Significantly reduced forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis angles in the aquatic exercise group |
Sarvari et al., 2022 [29] | Students | Intervention group: 20 (0/20)( 14.54 ± 1.82 ) Control group: 20 (0/20)( 14.43 ± 1.16) | Online Corrective Exercises | No Exercise | (8), (3), (30–45) | Forward Head, Kyphosis | Significant improvements in forward head and kyphosis angles in intervention group |
Seidi et al., 2020 [17] | Students | Intervention group: 12 (12/0)( 25.3 ± 2.5 ) Control group: 12 (12/0)( 25.4 ± 1.5) | Comprehensive Corrective Exercises | No Exercise | (8), (3), (NA) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | No exercise, comprehensive corrective exercises |
Yaghoubitajani et al., 2022 [30] | office workers | Workplace group: 12 ( 37.00 ± 8.12) Online-supervised group: 12 ( 38.58 ± 7.34) Control group: 12 ( 38.91 ± 3.87) | Group 1: corrective exercises at the workplace Group 2: Online-supervised : corrective exercises | No Exercise | (8), (3), (50–60) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | both intervention groups improved from baseline to follow-up for Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, and Kyphosis. |
Guo et al., 2023 [31] | College students | Intervention group: 20 (11/9)( 19.00 ± 0.97) Control group: 20(7/13)( 18.85 ± 0.88) | cervical and thoracic “Daoyin” training. | No Exercise | (8), (5), (NA) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder | obvious improvement in the forward head angle, forward shoulder angle, |
Park et al., 2014 [32] | children | Intervention group: 20 (10/10)( 13.55 ± 2.21) Control group: 20(10/10)( 13.75 ± 1.80 | Strengthening and stretching exercise | No Exercise | (25), (3), (NA) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder | The complex training improved posture |
Firouzjah et al., 2023 [33] | volleyball players | Intervention group: 15 ( 16/46 ± 0/63) Control group: 15 ( 16/80 ± 0/77) | Strengthening and stretching exercise | No Exercise | (10), (3), (30–70) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | significant good effect on forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis. |
Ruivo et al., 2016 [34] | adolescents | Intervention group: 42(16/26) (15.5 ± 1.0) Control group: 46(15/31) (15.9 ± 1.1) | Strengthening and stretching exercise in addition to Physical Education classes | Physical Education classes | (32), (2), (NA) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder | The exercise intervention successfully decreased the forward head and protracted shoulder in adolescents. |
Lynch et al.,2010 [5] | National Collegiate Athletic | Intervention group: 14 (19.29 ± 1.44) Control group: 14 (19.29 ± 1.20) | Strengthening and stretching exercise | No Exercise | (8), (3), (NA) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder | The exercise intervention was successful at decreasing forward head and rounded shoulder |
Nitayarak et al., 2021 [35] | women | Intervention group: 19(0/20) (20.26 ± 1.20) Control group: 20(0/20) (20.15 ± 1.27) | d scapular stabilization exercises using elastic bands | No Exercise | (4), (3), (NA) | Forward Head, Forward Shoulder, Kyphosis | significant improvement in the cervical and shoulder angle |
Shalamzari et al., 2022 [36] | formal nurses | Intervention group: 31(31/0) (34.77 ± 9.19) Control group: 31(31/0) (37.12 ± 8.76) | Strengthening and stretching exercise | No Exercise | (8), (3), (30–70) | Forward Head, Kyphosis | Significant improvements in forward head and kyphosis angles in the intervention group |