Fig. 1

Study design. The vertical arrow represents the index date of enrollment. Windows to the left of this arrow represent preceding time windows over a span of days [#,#], while windows on the right indicate events following the index date of enrollment. The “∞” indicates that the time window reaches as far retrospectively as data are available. Abbreviations: lumbosacral radiculopathy (LSR). Figure adapted by Robert J. Trager using a Creative Commons template from Schneeweiss et al. [18]