Table 1 The basic characteristic of the included studies
Study | Country | Study type | Sample size | Mean age (Years) | Gender (Male/Female) | Significant factors | NOS score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | HAP No. | HAP (%) | HAP | NHAP | HAP | NHAP | |||||
Byun et al. 2018 | Korea | case–control study | 432 | 38 | 8.80 | 83.70 ± 7.8 | 78.60 ± 8.2 | 13/25 | 112/282 | Advanced age, High BMI, Hypoalbuminemia, Duration of surgery, Time from injury to operation | 8 |
Shin et al. [2] | Korea | cohort study | 1155 | 59 | 5.11 | 83.08 ± 7.3 | 77.90 ± 10.05 | 21/38 | 295/801 | Advanced age, CVA, Hypoalbuminemia | 8 |
Ahn et al. [39] | Korea | case–control study | 1208 | 47 | 3.89 | 79.70 ± 8.2 | 79.20 ± 7.5 | 19/28 | 294/867 | Postoperative delirium, ASA, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Male sex, Hypoalbuminemia | 8 |
Bohl et al. 2017 | USA | cohort study | 29,377 | 1191 | 4.05 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Advanced age, Male sex, High BMI, CVA, COPD, Dyspnea on exertion, Functional status, Anemia | 8 |
Wilson et al. [13] | USA | cohort study | 5673 | 64 | 1.13 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Hypoalbuminemia | 7 |
Danford et al. [35] | USA | cohort study | 27,058 | 893 | 3.30 | NA | NA | 282/611 | 7958/18207 | Time from injury to operation | 7 |
Ekström et al. [14] | Sweden | cohort study | 1915 | 144 | 7.52 | NA | NA | 65/79 | 415/1356 | Male sex, COPD, Cognitive function dysfunction | 9 |
Meyer et al. [56] | Sweden | cohort study | 170,193 | 9049 | 5.32 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ASA | 9 |
Salarbaks et al. [9] | Netherland | cohort study | 407 | 62 | 15.23 | 84.00 ± 7.9 | 83.00 ± 6.7 | 33/29 | 247/98 | Male sex, COPD | 8 |
Glassou et al. [36] | Denmark | cohort study | 72,520 | 3805 | 5.25 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Time from injury to operation | 8 |
Chang et al. [17] | China | case–control study | 240 | 25 | 10.42 | NA | NA | 9/16 | 68/147 | Advanced age, History of stroke, History of cancer, Platelet, Hyperglycemia | 8 |
Deng et al. [18] | China | case–control study | 9806 | 1977 | 20.16 | NA | NA | 919/1058 | 3008/4821 | Advanced age, Number of comorbidities, Male sex | 9 |
Wang et al. [40] | China | case–control study | 293 | 33 | 11.26 | 84.50 ± 3.2 | 85.10 ± 3.4 | 20/13 | 76/184 | Male sex, Hypoalbuminemia, Low oxygen level | 9 |
Xiang et al. [37] | China | case–control study | 1113 | 166 | 14.92 | 86.40 ± 5.8 | 78.80 ± 7.2 | 53/113 | 331/616 | High BMI, High c-reactive protein, Functional status, Time from injury to operation | 8 |
Zhang et al. [19] | China | case–control study | 758 | 82 | 10.82 | NA | NA | 27/55 | 223/453 | Advanced age, COPD, Type of anesthesia | 8 |
Zhang et al. [31] | China | case–control study | 1285 | 70 | 5.45 | 82.00 ± 5.8 | 79.00 ± 6.7 | 30/40 | 359/856 | COPD, Number of comorbidities, ASA, Functional status, Cognitive function dysfunction | 9 |
Chen et al. [20] | China | case–control study | 1008 | 87 | 8.63 | NA | NA | 32/55 | 277/644 | Advanced age, Time from injury to operation, History of smoking, ASA, COPD, Hypoalbuminemia, High RDW, Time of Mechanical ventilation, ICU | 9 |
Ding et al. 2019 | China | case–control study | 2251 | 61 | 2.71 | NA | NA | 34/27 | 891/1299 | Hypoalbuminemia, NISS, Postoperative bed rest time | 8 |
Liu et al. [21] | China | case–control study | 230 | 23 | 10.00 | NA | NA | 13/10 | 107/100 | Advanced age, Duration of surgery, Type of anesthesia, Time from injury to operation | 7 |
Jiang et al. [22] | China | case–control study | 545 | 28 | 5.14 | 82.80 ± 6.7 | 79.00 ± 7.5 | 12/16 | 150/367 | Advanced age, High BMI, History of stroke, Duration of surgery, Time from injury to operation, Hypoalbuminemia | 8 |
Ying et al. 2015 | China | case–control study | 1419 | 72 | 5.07 | 82.00 ± 9.6 | 76.00 ± 9.6 | 23/49 | 522/825 | Advanced age, Male sex, ASA, Type of anesthesia, Anemia, Hypoalbuminemia, High Cr, COPD, History of cancer | 8 |
Wang et al. [24] | China | case–control study | 720 | 54 | 7.50 | NA | NA | 24/30 | 212/454 | Advanced age, COPD, History of cancer, History of stroke, Time from injury to operation | 7 |
Wei et al. [25] | China | case–control study | 392 | 56 | 14.29 | 82.30 ± 7.1 | 78.20 ± 7.0 | 24/32 | 113/223 | Advanced age, COPD, Time from injury to operation, Type of operation, Type of anesthesia | 7 |
Wei et al. [26] | China | case–control study | 469 | 48 | 10.24 | NA | NA | 19/29 | 149/272 | Advanced age, Time from injury to operation, Type of anesthesia | 7 |
Zhang et al. [27] | China | case–control study | 224 | 20 | 8.93 | NA | NA | 14/6 | 137/67 | Advanced age, Time from injury to operation, History of stroke, Duration of surgery, Type of anesthesia, History of smoking, Anemia | 9 |
Zhu et al. [28] | China | case–control study | 576 | 145 | 25.17 | 82.46 ± 5.56 | 79.22 ± 6.51 | 45/100 | 98/333 | Advanced age, Hypoalbuminemia, CVA | 7 |
Yuan et al. [32] | China | case–control study | 207 | 43 | 20.77 | 81.30 ± 7.2 | 79.70 ± 7.7 | 16/27 | 44/120 | Anemia, History of stroke, COPD | 7 |
Zhu et al. [38] | China | case–control study | 741 | 26 | 3.51 | NA | NA | 20/6 | 314/401 | ASA, Time from injury to operation | 8 |
Lv et al. [11] | China | cohort study | 1429 | 70 | 4.90 | 82.00 ± 9.6 | 74.00 ± 11.9 | 22/48 | 575/784 | Advanced age, Type of fractures, Number of comorbidities, ASA, Type of operation, Hypoalbuminemia, High Cr, Mechanical ventilation | 9 |
Wang et al. [24] | China | case–control study | 720 | 54 | 7.50 | 82.30 ± 8.1 | 77.50 ± 8.5 | 20/34 | 273/393 | Hypoalbuminemia, History of stroke, COPD, Time from injury to operation | 9 |
Zhao et al. [4] | China | case–control study | 1495 | 53 | 3.55 | NA | NA | 28/25 | 483/959 | Advanced age, Male sex, COPD, Liver disease, Urinary tract infection, High CKMB, High d-dimer, High BNP | 7 |
Ji et al. [34] | China | cohort study | 901 | 55 | 6.10 | 81.60 ± 7.7 | 78.50 ± 7.0 | 23/32 | 280/566 | COPD, History of stroke, Hypoxemia, Time from injury to operation | 9 |
Lv et al. [29] | China | case–control study | 526 | 56 | 10.65 | 75.81 ± 9.03 | 67.03 ± 7.11 | 17/39 | 151/319 | Advanced age, History of smoking, Time from injury to operation, COPD, Hypoalbuminemia, High RDW, ICU, Time of Mechanical ventilation | 8 |
Yu et al. [30] | China | case–control study | 267 | 35 | 13.11 | 74.15 ± 10.23 | 65.08 ± 9.15 | 20/15 | 133/99 | Advanced age, Hyperglycemia, Anemia, Hypoalbuminemia, Type of anesthesia, Duration of surgery | 9 |
Zhang et al. [31] | China | case–control study | 265 | 53 | 20.00 | 81.00 ± 8.9 | 81.00 ± 8.9 | 14/39 | 57/155 | ICU, High RDW | 9 |