Table 1 Baseline characteristics of fracture cases and matched controls

Age, years

0.519

 ≤ 65

351

33.5

342

32.6

 66–70

391

37.3

376

35.8

 ≥ 71

307

29.3

331

31.6

Sex

0.782

 Men

697

66.4

690

65.8

 Women

352

33.6

359

34.2

BMI, kg/m²

0.991

 < 18.5

34

3.2

35

3.3

 18.5–22.9

429

40.9

430

41.0

 23.0–24.9

277

26.4

271

25.8

 ≥ 25.0

309

29.5

313

29.8

Alcohol consumption

0.626

 None

619

59.0

607

57.9

 Drinker

430

41.0

442

42.1

Smoking

0.986

 Non-smoker

604

57.6

607

57.9

 Past smoker

213

20.3

210

20.0

 Current smoker

232

22.1

232

22.1

Regular exercise

0.403

 No

335

31.9

354

33.7

 Yes

714

68.1

695

66.3

Household income class

0.777

 Lower

274

26.1

263

25.1

 Middle

358

34.1

372

35.5

 Upper

417

39.8

414

39.5

CCI score

0.702

 0

262

25.0

283

27.0

 1

233

22.2

221

21.1

 2

180

17.2

170

16.2

 ≥ 3

374

35.7

375

35.7

Comorbidity

 CVD

187

17.8

179

17.1

0.687

 Cerebrovascular disease

125

11.9

120

11.4

0.786

 COPD

90

8.6

105

10.0

0.292

 Diabetes mellitus

350

33.4

342

32.6

0.745

 Rheumatic arthritis

92

8.8

112

10.7

0.161

 Hyperthyroidism

47

4.5

46

4.4

1.000

 Chronic liver disease

457

43.6

451

43.0

0.826

 Malnutrition

7

0.7

5

0.5

0.772

 Crohn’s disease

265

25.3

268

25.5

0.920

Medications other than RASi

 Calcium/vitamin D supplements

76

7.2

80

7.6

0.803

 Other osteoporotic agents

14

1.3

15

1.4

1.000

 HRT agents

23

2.2

20

1.9

0.758

 Glucocorticoids

68

6.5

62

5.9

0.651

 Thiazolidinedione

34

3.2

27

2.6

0.436

 Antithyroid drugs

10

1.0

8

0.8

0.813

 Beta blockers

240

22.9

230

21.9

0.637

 Calcium channel blockers

380

36.2

392

37.4

0.618

 Loop diuretics

57

5.4

50

4.8

0.552

 Thiazides

226

21.5

227

21.6

1.000

 Antiepileptics

133

12.7

148

14.1

0.369

 SSRIs

29

2.8

33

3.1

0.699

 TCAs

145

13.8

150

14.3

0.802

 Benzodiazepines

659

62.8

660

62.9

1.000

 Statins

231

22.0

225

21.4

0.791