Table 3 Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis on factors associated with pes planus among public primary school children in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia 2021

Altitude

 Low

32 (5.86)

517 (94.14)

1

 Mid

36 (12.12)

261 (87.8)

2.21 (1.3- 3.6)

3.32 (1.75–6.29)

0.001*

 High

37 (20.67)

142 (79.3)

4.2 (2.5- 6.95)

8.83 (4.64–16.79)

 < 0.001*

Residence

 Rural

12 (5.2)

219 (94.81)

1

 Urban

93 (11.76)

698 (88.24)

2.43 (1.3–4.52)

2.42 (1.15–5.09)

0.019*

Age (in years)

 Early (11–14)

70 (10.17)

618 (89.83)

0.967 (0.63–1.48)

 Late (15–18)

35 (10.48)

299 (89.52)

1

Sex

 Female

48 (8.45)

520 (91.55)

1

 Male

57 (12.56)

397 (87.44)

1.56 (1.03–2.3)

2.01 (1.22–3.30)

0.006*

Physical Activity

 Insufficient

25 (26.32)

70 (73.68)

3.78 (2.26–6.30)

8.78 (4.42–12.3)

 < 0.001*

 Sufficient

80 (8.63)

847 (91.37)

1

BMI (kg/m²)

 Normal

77 ( 8.66)

812 (91.34)

1

0.33 (0.072- 1.56)

0.166

 Underweight

3 (6.82)

41 ( 93.2)

0.77 (0.23–2.54)

6.30 (3.31- 11.9)

0.001*

 Obese and overweight

25 ( 28.1)

64 (71.9)

4.12 (2.45–6.9)

Foot pain

 Yes

36 (21.18)

134 (78.82)

3.04 (1.95–4.74)

3.52 (2.08–6.27)

 < 0.001*

 No

69 (8.10)

783 (91.90)

1

Wear shoes

 Yes

99 (10.77)

820 (89.23)

1.95 (0.83- 4.56)

0.08 (0.003–1.92)

0.120

 No

6 (5.83)

97 (94.17)

1

Type of foot wear

 Closed-toe shoe

24 (30.77)

54 (69.23)

4.96 (2.89- 8.5)

2.33 (1.27–4.28)

 < 0.001*

 Sandal

71 (8.22)

793 (91.78)

1

Age starting to wear shoes

 Early

92 (10.29)

802 (89.71)

1.66 (0.56- 4.94)

 Late

4 (16.00)

21 (84.00)

1