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Table 3 Adjusted within-group differences for pain intensity, fear of movement, fear-avoidance beliefs, tactile acuity, pressure pain thresholds, and muscle strength at baseline and post-intervention

From: A single session of action observation therapy versus observing a natural landscape in adults with chronic neck pain – a randomized controlled trial

Variables

Control group (n = 30)

AO group (n = 30)

Statistical results (p-values)

Pre-Treatment

Post-Treatment

Mean Difference & 95% CI*

Pre-Treatment

Post-Treatment

Mean Difference & 95% CI

Time

Group

Group*Time

Sex

Age

FABQ-PA

VAS (0–10)

4.96

[4.26, 5.65]

3.06

[2.10,4.02]

-1.90

[-2.74, -1.06]

5.01

[4.31, 5.70]

3.57

[2.61, 4.53]

-1.44

[-2.28, -0.59]

0.02

0.60

0.46

0.02

0.78

0.52

TSK (13–52)

27.27

[25.15, 29.39]

24.73

[22.28, 27.19]

− 2.54

[-3.91, -1.17]

27.73

[25.61, 29.85]

27.24

[24.78, 29.69]

-0.49

[-1.86, 0.87]

0.18

0.36

0.05

0.69

0.14

0.70

FABQ-PA (0–24)

9.42

[7.33, 11.52]

9.33

[7.11, 11.52]

0.09

[-1.66, 1.48]

6.24

[4.15, 8.33]

7.09

[4.88, 9.29]

+ 0.85

[-0.72,2.37]

0.40

0.07

0.39

0.23

0.67

 

FABQ-W (0–42)

14.75

[12.13, 17.38]

12.64

[9.89, 15.39]

− 2.11

[-3.43, -0.80]

16.95

[14.32, 19.57]

15.13

[12.38, 17.88]

− 1.82

[-3.13, -0.50]

0.61

0.23

0.76

0.11

0.50

0.70

TPD (cm), Mean (± SD)

C3 – C4

1.77

[1.29, 2.25]

1.31

[0.84, 1.79]

-0.46

[-0.74, -0.17]

1.77

[1.29, 2.24]

1.83

[1.36, 2.30]

+ 0.06

[-0.22,0.34]

0.30

0.45

0.02

0.37

0.75

0.88

C4 – C5

1.59

[1.14, 2.04]

1.40

[0.93, 1.87]

-0.19

[-0.49, 0.12]

1.97

[1.52, 2.42]

1.70

[1.23, 2.18]

-0.27

[-0.58, 0.04]

0.96

0.29

0.72

0.85

0.95

0.13

C5 – C6

1.80

[1.29, 2.32]

1.45

[0.94, 1.96]

-0.35

[-0.59, -0.12]

2.07

[1.56, 2.59]

1.93

[1.41, 2.44]

-0.14

[-0.38,0.09]

0.22

0.31

0.22

0.44

0.74

0.99

C6 – C7

2.00

[1.46, 2.54]

1.62

[1.06, 2.18]

-0.38

[-0.74, -0.02]

2.12

[1.58, 2.66]

2.02

[1.46, 2.58]

− 0.10

[-0.46,0.26]

0.97

0.49

0.29

0.86

0.99

0.38

C7 – T1

2.54

[1.91, 3.18]

2.13

[1.46, 2.80]

-0.41

[-0.82, -0.01]

2.47

[1.84, 3.11]

2.38

[1.71, 3.04]

-0.09

[-0.50,0.31]

0.49

0.85

0.29

0.40

0.67

0.40

T1 – T2

2.58

[1.91, 3.26]

2.36

[1.67, 3.05]

-0.22

[-0.63, 0.18]

2.64

[1.97, 3.31]

2.63

[1.94, 3.32]

-0.01

[-0.42,0.39]

0.66

0.74

0.49

0.92

0.62

0.62

PPT (N), Mean (± SD)

C1-C2 (R)

11.00

[8.64, 13.36]

11.16

[8.64, 13.68]

+ 0.16

[-0.94, 1.26]

10.85

[8.49, 13.21]

10.00

[7.48, 12.52]

-0.85

[-1.95, 0.25]

0.55

0.71

0.22

0.19

0.87

0.77

C1-C2 (L)

10.79

[8.81, 12.77]

10.64

[8.39, 12.89]

-0.15

[-1.16, 0.84]

10.36

[8.38, 12.34]

10.03

[7.78, 12.28]

-0.33

[-1.33, 0.67]

0.48

0.73

0.81

0.32

0.53

0.54

C5-C6 (R)

11.24

[8.89, 13.59]

11.04

[8.71, 13.37]

-0.20

[-1.18,0.78]

11.46

[9.11, 13.81]

11.32

[8.98, 13.65]

-0.14

[-1.13,0.83]

0.53

0.88

0.94

0.42

0.42

0.14

C5-C6 (L)

10.47

[8.19, 12.75]

10.57

[8.38, 12.76]

+ 0.10

[-0.87,1.08]

11.04

[8.77, 13.32]

11.13

[8.94, 13.32]

+ 0.09

[-0.89,1.06]

0.91

0.73

0.98

0.19

0.38

0.36

Trapezius (R)

11.53

[9.45, 13.61]

11.14

[9.03, 13.26]

-0.39

[-1.59,0.82]

11.78

[9.70, 13.86]

11.34

[9.23, 13.46]

-0.44

[-1.64,0.77]

0.64

0.88

0.96

0.32

0.35

0.56

Trapezius (L)

11.22

[9.46, 12.98]

11.73

[9.74, 13.72]

+ 0.51

[-0.44, 1.46]

10.68

[8.91, 12.44]

10.75

[8.76, 12.74]

-0.07

[-0.88,1.02]

0.43

0.57

0.53

0.02

0.76

0.11

Neck muscle strength (N), Mean (± SD)

Flexion

62.12

[55.31, 68.93]

64.71

[57.51, 71.91]

+ 2.59

[-0.28,5.45]

57.59

[50.78, 64.40]

55.57

[48.37, 62.77]

-2.02

[-4.89,0.84]

0.86

0.18

0.03

0.96

0.81

0.30

Right Lateral Inclination

60.38

[53.64, 67.12]

62.71

[55.88, 69.54]

+ 2.33

[-0.79,5.45]

57.93

[51.19, 64.67]

55.83

[49.00, 62.66]

-2.10

[-5.22,1.02]

0.43

0.34

0.06

0.03

0.40

0.52

Left Lateral Inclination

59.72

[52.86, 66.57]

61.39

[53.99, 68.79]

+ 1.67

[-1.36,4.71]

55.08

[48.23, 61.94]

54.57

[47.17, 61.98]

-0.51

[-3.55,2.52]

0.23

0.27

0.33

0.02

0.69

0.54

Extension

100.33

[89.52,111.14]

100.25

[88.69,111.82]

-0.08

[-4.11,3.96]

93.30

[82.49, 104.11]

88.88

[77.31,100.44]

-4.42

[-8.46,-0.40]

0.31

0.26

0.15

0.46

0.06

0.26

  1. Abbreviations: AO- Action Observation; CI -Confidence Interval; FABQ-PA – Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire – Physical Activity Subscale; FABQ-W – Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire – Work Subscale; L- Left; N – Newtons; PPT- Pressure Pain Thresholds; R- Right; TPD - Two-point discrimination; TSK - Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia; VAS- Visual Analogue Scale
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BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2474

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