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Table 2 Participants’ characteristics at baseline

From: A single session of action observation therapy versus observing a natural landscape in adults with chronic neck pain – a randomized controlled trial

Variables

Control group

(n = 30)

AO group

(n = 30)

p-value

VAS (0–10), Mean (± SD)

5.08 (± 1.84)

4.88 (± 1.86)

0.682

Pain Frequency

(n, %)

Rarely (1xweek)

3 (10.0%)

1 (3.3%)

0.125

Occasionally (2/3xWeek)

8 (26.7%)

10 (33.3%)

Many times (> 3xWeek)

16 (53.3%)

11 (36.7%)

Always

2 (6.7%)

8 (26.7%)

Other

1 (3.3%)

0 (0.0%)

Pain Duration

(n, %)

Between 3 to 6 months

3 (10.0%)

2 (6.7%)

0.109

Between 6 months to 1 year

3 (10.0%)

5 (16.6%)

Between 1 year to 2 years

3 (10.0%)

6 (20.0%)

Between 2 years and 5 years

10 (33.3%)

2 (6.7%)

More than 5 years

11 (36.7%)

15 (50.0%)

NDI (0–50), Mean (± SD)

12.40 (± 4.28)

11.00 (± 4.76)

0.236†

PCS (0–52), Mean (± SD)

17.70 (± 11.10)

14.97 (± 10.88)

0.339

TSK (13–52), Mean (± SD)

28.20 (± 5.32)

26.80 (± 6.66)

0.372†

FABQ-PA (0–24), Mean (± SD)

9.50 (± 6.05)

6.17(± 5.21)

0.026

FABQ-W (0–42), Mean (± SD)

15.57(± 6.39)

16.13 (± 7.64)

0.756

TPD (cm), Mean (± SD)

C3 – C4

1.99 (± 1.33)

1.54 (± 1.41)

0.208†

C4 – C5

1.82 (± 1.20)

1.73 (± 1.42)

0.795†

C5 – C6

2.06 (± 1.44)

1.82 (± 1.58)

0.548†

C6 – C7

2.27 (± 1.56)

1.86 (± 1.65)

0.327†

C7 – T1

2.79 (± 1.95)

2.22 (± 1.66)

0.230†

T1 – T2

2.85 (± 1.98)

2.37 (± 1.84)

0.337

PPT (N), Mean (± SD)

C1-C2 (R)

11.00 (± 6.42)

10.85 (± 5.71)

0.922†

C1-C2 (L)

10.77 (± 5.66)

10.38 (± 4.52)

0.769

C5-C6 (R)

11.21 (± 6.01)

11.50 (± 6.24)

0.853†

C5-C6 (L)

10.47 (± 5.77)

11.04 (± 5.93)

0.705†

Trapezius (R)

11.50 (± 5.11)

11.80 (± 5.69)

0.831†

Trapezius (L)

10.83 (± 5.38)

11.06 (± 3.86)

0.848

Neck muscle strength (N), Mean (± SD)

Flexion

60.86 (± 22.32)

58.85 (± 16.77)

0.695

Right Lateral Inclination

59.68 (± 21.17)

58.64 (± 14.32)

0.825

Left Lateral Inclination

59.05 (± 21.47)

55.75 (± 13.86)

0.483

Extension

98.32 (± 33.24)

95.31 (± 24.29)

0.690

  1. † Without normal distribution (non-parametric test corroborated the parametric test)
  2. Abbreviations: AO- Action Observation; FABQ-PA – Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire – Physical Activity Subscale; FABQ-W – Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire – Work Subscale; L- Left; NDI – Neck Disability Index; N – Newtons; PCS – Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PPT- Pressure Pain Thresholds; R- Right; SD- Standard Deviation; TPD - Two-point discrimination; TSK - Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia; VAS- Visual Analogue Scale
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BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2474

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