Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants (N = 176)
| Â | Mean (SD) or % | Range |
|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | ||
 Age (years) | 40.0 (12.8) | 19 to 65 |
 Sex (% female) | 46.4% |  |
Clinical Characteristics | ||
Low back pain | ||
 Pain intensity (NRS, range = 0–10) | 5.4 (1.6) | 1 to 10 |
Number of previous episodes of LBP | ||
 Never | 21.8% |  |
 1-2x | 29.7% |  |
 3-4x | 21.8% |  |
 More than 4x | 20.6% |  |
 No answer | 6.1% |  |
Medication for LBP | ||
 NSAID (% yes) | 34.9% |  |
 Opioid (% yes) | 1.8% |  |
Disability | ||
 ODI (0–100%) | 16.9% (10.6%) | 0 to 53% |
 Disability to work (in days) | 1.8 (3.8) | 0 to 30 |
Temporal summation: Wind-up ratio | ||
 WUR left side | 1.5 (1.0) | 0.5 to 8 |
 WUR right side | 1.3 (0.6) | 0.4 to 4 |
Psychological characteristics | ||
 State Anxiety (STAI-S 20–80) | 43.1 (5.2) | 28 to 54 |
 DASS Depression (0–42) | 5.2 (6.4) | 0 to 34 |
 DASS Anxiety (0–42) | 3.5 (4.8) | 0 to 24 |