Table 1 Study/patient characteristics

Faciszewski et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990. [16]

4

15

10; 5

38.7 (19 to 75)

24 to 156

Curtis et al. Am J Sports Med. 1993. [17]

4

19

14; 5

25.5 (17 to 42)

25 (15 to 45)^a

Shapiro et al. Am J Sports Med. 1994. [18]

4

9

5; 4

23.7 (18 to 45)

34.1 (12 to 52)^a

Kinik et al. Foot Ankle Surg. 1999. [19]

4

11

8; 3

31.2 (16 to 44)

40.8^a

Nunley and Vertullo. Am J Sports Med. 2002. [20]

3

15

13; 2

21 (15 to 32)

27 (9 to 72)^a

Perugia et al. Int Orthop. 2003. [21]

4

42

28; 14

37.7 (17 to 70)

58.4 (24 to 84)^a

Ly and Coetzee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006. [22]

1

41

NR

32.4 (19 to 52)

42.5 (25 to 60)^a

Reinhardt et al. Foot Ankle Int. 2012. [23]

3

25

8; 17

46 (20 to 73)^b

42 (24 to 96)^a

Crates et al. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015. [24]

3

36

18; 18

Sx, 29.6 (16 to 57);

Cx, 36.7 (15 to 63)^a

Sx, 33 (12 to 60);

Cx, 36 (12 to 59)^a

Miyamoto et al. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015. [25]

4

5

4; 1

19.4 (17 to 21)

18.8 (12 to 26)^a

Cassinelli et al. Foot Ankle Int. 2016. [26]

4

8

1; 7

39.8 (18 to 60)

37.2 (24 to 69.6)^a

Del Vecchio et al. Adv Orthop. 2016. [27]

4

5

1; 4

42.4 (25 to 67)

19.4 (18 to 21)^a

Lien et al. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2017. [28]

4

10

7; 3

35.2 (19 to 72)

6^c

Seo et al. Foot Ankle Int. 2017. [29]

3

51

28; 23

34.5 (NR)

NR

Gee et al. Curr Orthop Pract. 2019. [30]

3

12

10; 2

SF, 25.7 (NR);

SB, 29.7 (NR)

12.3 (5.6 to 30.0)^a

Pigott et al. Foot Ankle Spec. 2019. [31]

3

45

22; 23

35.8 (19 to 60)

31.4 (6 to 119)^a

Porter et al. Foot Ankle Int. 2019. [32]

4

82

64; 18

21.0 (12 to 40)

TD, > 12; MCD, > 12; PED, 6 to 12^c

Ren et al. Chin J Traumatol. 2019. [33]

3

61

38; 23

39.4 (19 to 64)

12.3 (10 to 16)^a

Chen et al. Foot Ankle Int. 2020. [34]

3

26

5; 21

45.9 (17 to 77)

54 (30 to 95)^a

Cho et al. Foot Ankle Int. 2020. [35]

3

63

39; 24

SF 37.9 (18 to 65);

SB 40.9 (20 to 69)

16 (12 to 26)^a

Thomas et al. Foot Ankle Spec. 2020. [36]

4

100

50; 50

Male 34.3 (19 to 76); Female 34.5 (19 to 69)

NR

Arzac Ulla I. Foot Ankle Surg. 2021. [37]

4

14

10; 4

32 (NR)

24^b

Chen et al. Injury. 2021. [38]

3

32

23; 9

ORIF 42.8 (36.2 to 49.4);

PRIF 36.4 (28.8 to 44.0);

43 (35.6 to 50.4)^a

Eceviz et al. J Invest Surg. 2021. [39]

3

62

44; 18

38 (18 to 68)

57 (24 to 155)^a

Garríguez-Pérez et al. Foot Ankle Int. 2021. [40]

4

42

15; 27

49 (NR)

51.6 (12—96)^a

Mosca et al. Injury. 2021. [41]

4

15

8; 7

48.2 (26 to 68)

45.6 (12 to 72)^a

So et al. Foot Ankle Spec. 2021. [42]

3

196

85; 111

ORIF 35.8 (NR);

PA 48.6 (NR)

ORIF 15.3 (18.9); PA 20.4 (28.3)^a

De Bruijn et al. Injury. 2022. [43]

3

26

12; 10

42.6 (NR)

NR

Rikken et al. Injury. 2022. [44]

3

47

30; 17

32.6 (16 to 71)

NR