Table 2 Surgical technique used for unilateral laminotomy with bilateral spinal canal decompression for LSS

Arai et al. [18], 2014

50

Microscope, high-speed drill burr

The microsurgical procedure was performed as described by Spetzger et al. [15] with preservation of supraspinous and interspinous ligament

Decompression of 1 segment (25), 2 segments (16), 3 segments (9)

Yang et al. [19], 2020

28

Microscope, high-speed drill burr

4 cm incision median approach, dissection of paravertebral muscles of painful side unilaterally by a Casper and window exposure of interlaminar with Kerrison rongeur

Affected segment: L3-4 (3), L4-5 (23), L5-S1 (2)

Ko et al. [20], 2019

25

Microscope, high-speed drill burr

The microsurgical procedure was performed as described by Spetzger et al. [15] on the right side with preservation of supraspinous and interspinous ligament without undercutting the base of the spinous process and only performing flavectomy in severe hypertrophy on the contralateral side;

2/3 of cranial and 1/3 of caudal, 30–40 degrees inclination to resect contralateral hypertrophied ligamentum flavum

Affected segment: L3-4 (1), L4-5 (18), L5-S1 (6)

McGrath et al. [21], 2019

45

Microscope, high-speed drill burr, Wilson frame, tubular dilators, ILLESSYS delta endoscope

Endoscopic approach using a Wilson table is used after serial dilation to introduce a burr which is used to remove the inferior portion of the superior lamina and the medial aspect of the ipsilateral facet

Decompression of 1 segment (21), 2 segments (17), > 2 segments (7)

Ulrich et al. [22], 2019

128

Microscope, high-speed drill burr

The microsurgical procedure was performed as described by Spetzger et al. [15] with preservation of supraspinous and interspinous ligament

Decompression of 1 segment (47), 2 segments (55), > 2 segments (26)

Mobbs et al. [23], 2014

27

Microscope, high-speed drill burr, tubular dilators

Incision is slightly lateral to midline by 1 cm and 3 cm long; an 18 mm tubular retractor was used to create a corridor and a cautery to expose muscle; subsequently a burr and Kerrison rongeur were used to decompress the canal and if needed the contralateral foramen

Affected segment: L2-3 (1), L3-4 (5), L4-5 (23), L5-S1 (0)

Knio et al. [24], 2019

68

Microscope, high-speed drill burr, tubular dilators

A paramedian 2.5 cm incision is used; a tubular retractor is used to create a corridor, for subsequent decompression with Kerrison rongeur

Affected segment: L2-3 (3), L3-4 (13), L4-5 (48), L5-S1 (4)