Table 1 Baseline characteristic of individuals in training set and validation set Mean ± SD/ [M(P₂₅, P₇₅)]/N(%)

SOP

0.617^b

 No

168(62.2%)

76(65.5%)

 Yes

102(37.8%)

40(34.5%)

Gender

0.730^b

 Female

82(30.4%)

38(32.8%)

 Male

188(69.6%)

78(67.2%)

Education level

0.667^b

 Below junior high school

196(72.6%)

81(69.8%)

 Junior high school and above

74(27.4%)

35(30.2%)

Residence

0.766^b

 village

178(65.9%)

79(68.1%)

 urban

92(34.1%)

37(31.9%)

Falls

0.349^b

 No

207(76.7%)

83(71.6%)

 Yes

63(23.3%)

33(28.4%)

Drinking

0.103^b

 No

247(91.5%)

99(85.3%)

 Yes

23(8.5%)

17(14.7%)

Smoking

0.229^b

 No

223(82.6%)

89(76.7%)

 Yes

47(17.4%)

27(23.3%)

Regular exercise

0.574^b

 No

110(40.7%)

43(37.1%)

 Yes

160(59.3%)

73(62.9%)

Age(year)

66.0[59.0–72.0]

64.0[56.0-72.2]

0.076^a

Number of comorbid diseases

1.0[0.0–1.0]

1.0[0.0–1.0]

0.948^a

Height(cm)

154.5[149.0-160.0]

154.0[150.0-158.2]

0.754^a

Weight(kg)

57.0[51.0–63.0]

58.0[52.0–65.0]

0.269^a

BMI (kg/m^2)

24.0[22.0-26.2]

24.3[22.2–26.9]

0.348^a

Ca(mmol/L)

2.2[2.1–2.3]

2.2[2.1–2.3]

0.146^a

Blood glucose (mmol/L)

5.0[4.6–5.5]

5.0[4.5–5.5]

0.710^a

TP(g/L)

62.7[59.5–66.5]

62.0[59.2–66.2]

0.169^a

Albumin (g/L)

38.6(4.0)

37.9(3.8)

0.101^a

Globulin (g/L)

224.3[183.2–262.0]

210.5[180.8-255.8]

0.177^a

Prealbumin (mg/L)

24.5[22.0–27.0]

24.0[22.0–26.0]

0.614^a

Creatinine(umol/L)

67.5[59.0–81.0]

67.0[59.8–79.0]

0.722^a

GFR (ml(min1.73 m^2))

89.4[78.2-105.8]

92.2[80.8-103.8]

0.412^a

ALT(U/L)

18.0[13.0-27.8]

18.0[13.8–26.5]

0.725^a

AST(U/L)

23.5[19.0–30.0]

23.0[19.0-29.2]

0.679^a

AST/ALT

1.3[1.0-1.7]

1.3[1.1–1.6]

0.521^a

Bilirubin(umol/L)

10.6[8.2–14.3]

10.1[8.0-13.5]

0.391^a

Hb(g/L)

125.5(17.0)

124.1(21.0)

0.516^a

Neutrophile (10^9/L)

3.8[2.7–5.3]

3.6[2.9–4.6]

0.343^a

Lymphocyte (10^9/L)

1.5[1.2–1.9]

1.7[1.2-2.0]

0.261^a

Monocyte (10^9/L)

0.5[0.4–0.6]

0.5[0.4–0.6]

0.837^a

Blood platelet (10^9/L)

206.5[164.0-249.0]

218.0[178.8-261.5]

0.088^a

WBC (10^9/L)

6.2[4.9–7.8]

6.1[5.0-7.2]

0.650^a

NLR

2.4[1.6–3.8]

2.1[1.5–3.3]

0.110^a

PLR

129.0[97.8–177.0]

132.0[101.6-177.6]

0.608^a

LMR

3.3[2.3–4.3]

3.6[2.4–4.8]

0.159^a

AISI

236.0[131.8-443.5]

213.1[146.9-379.9]

0.617^a

SIRI

1.1[0.7–2.2]

1.0[0.7–1.6]

0.199^a

GNRI

102.7(9.0)

102.5(9.2)

0.859a

CC (cm)

32.3[31.0–34.0]

33.0[31.1–34.0]

0.186^a

HGS (kg)

19.5[16.0-24.6]

20.1[15.9–25.4]

0.844^a

SLMI (kg/m^2)

5.4[4.8-6.0]

5.6[5.2–6.1]

0.052^a

Total body of Lean

55.2[49.8–60.0]

53.6[49.9–60.8]

0.904^a

Total body of Fat

42.4[37.5–47.9]

43.8[35.9–47.7]

0.926^a

FMI (kg/m^2)

10.4[8.4–12.3]

10.9[8.2–13.0]

0.557^a

LMI (kg/m^2)

13.4[12.3–14.6]

13.6[12.6–14.7]

0.307^a

BMR (kcal/Day)

1188.6[1108.1-1290.5]

1214.4[1114.0-1305.9]

0.122^a

T-score

-3.2[-4.0;-2.5]

-2.9[-4.1;-2.2]

0.426^a

Neck BMD(g/cm2)

0.6[0.6–0.7]

0.6[0.6–0.7]

0.189^a

Total hip BMD(g/cm2)

0.7 ± 0.1

0.8 ± 0.1

0.040^c

L1BMD(g/cm2)

0.6[0.5–0.7]

0.6[0.5–0.7]

0.498^a

L2BMD(g/cm2)

0.6[0.5–0.7]

0.6[0.5–0.7]

0.239^a

L3BMD(g/cm2)

0.7[0.6–0.8]

0.7[0.6–0.8]

0.617^a

L4BMD(g/cm2)

0.7[0.6–0.8]

0.7[0.6–0.8]

0.671^a

TLBMD

0.6[0.6–0.7]

0.7[0.5–0.8]

0.437^a