Table 1 Determination of confounding-by-indication bias

1

Breast cancer

Age, medication, BMI, KO

2/4

2

Cerebral palsy

Age, severity, KO

2/3

3

COPD

Age, gender, respiratory rate, KO

2/4

4

Diabetes

Age, BMI, gender, KO

2/4

5

Heart failure

Age, gender, Heart rate, KO

2/4

6

HIV

Age, gender, viral load/CD4 counts, adherence to drugs, depression, KO

3/6

7

Hypertension

Age, gender, BMI, diabetes, KO

2/5

8

LBP

Age, gender, BMI, occupation, KO

2/5

9

Lumbar rad

Age, gender, BMI, occupation, KO

2/5

10

Menopause

Age, gender, BMI, peri/post variations, KO

2/5

11

Obesity

Age, gender, BMI, KO

2/4

12

Osteoarthritis

Weight, BMI, age, gender, occupation, KO

3/6

13

SCA

Age, gender, BMI, baseline Hb, KO

2/5

14

Stroke

Age, gender, BMI, severity, time, type of stroke, laterality

3/6

15

NS- Neck pain

Age, gender, BMI, occupation, KO

2/5

16

Pregnancy

Maternal age, trimester, febrile illness, intra-partner violence, maternal hypertension, KO

3/6

17

Piriformis syndrome

Age, gender, occupation, BMI, KO

3/5

18

Breast engorgement

Maternal age, parity, gravidium, education, KO

2/5

19

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND)

Alcohol, substance abuse, depression, psychotic disorder, focal neurologic deficit, income, KO

4/7