Table 1 Characteristics of the participants by sex

N

1498

768

730

Race

0.085

 Mexican American

234 (9.9)

124 (10.6)

110 (9.2)

 Other Hispanic

153 (6.8)

66 (5.7)

87 (8.0)

 Non-Hispanic White

494 (61.5)

264 (63)

230 (59.7)

 Non-Hispanic Black

293 (11.6)

147 (10.8)

146 (12.5)

 Other Race

324 (10.2)

167 (9.9)

157 (10.5)

Osteoporosis

 < 0.001

 Yes

166 (13.9)

56 (8.2)

110 (20.2)

Education

0.217

 Less than high school

301 (14.3)

161 (15.6)

140 (13.0)

 High school or equivalent

325 (24.4)

174 (26.3)

151 (22.3)

 College or above

872 (61.2)

433 (58.1)

439 (64.7)

Drinking

0.039

 Nondrinker

448 (23.8)

189 (20.3)

259 (27.6)

 Low-to-moderate drinker

787 (59.2)

432 (60.6)

355 (57.6)

 Heavy drinker

125 (10.3)

78 (12.4)

47 (8.0)

Smoking

0.004

 Never smoker

917 (60.5)

408 (56.0)

509 (65.4)

 Current smoker

293 (18.5)

182 (21.7)

111 (14.9)

 Ever smoker

288 (21.1)

178 (22.3)

110 (19.7)

Leisure activity

0.085

 No leisure-time physical activity

820 (51.0)

437 (54.8)

383 (46.9)

 Insufficiently active-moderate activity

444 (32.5)

214 (29.4)

230 (35.9)

 Active-moderate activity

233 (16.5)

117 (15.8)

116 (17.2)

calcium supplement use

0.046

 Yes

558 (42.5)

261 (38.5)

297 (46.9)

vitamin D supplement use

 < 0.001

 Yes

548 (42.0)

240 (35.7)

308 (48.9)

Hormone replacement therapy

 < 0.001

 Yes

83 (14.8)

Diabetes

0.002

 Yes

232 (11.5)

130 (13.6)

102 (9.1)

Family income-to-poverty ratio

0.564

 0–1.0

248 (11)

129 (11.3)

119 (10.7)

 1.0–3.0

471 (27.7)

237 (29.2)

234 (26.0)

 > 3.0

646 (53.7)

329 (52.3)

317 (55.4)

Menopause

 Yes

328 (48.3)

 Age, years

49.5 (49.1—50.0)

49.3 (48.7—50.0)

49.7 (49.0—50.5)

0.400

 BMI, kg/m2

28.7 (28.2—29.1)

29.0 (28.5—29.6)

28.3 (27.7—28.8)

0.048

 Total calcium, mmol/L

2.35 (2.34—2.36)

2.35 (2.34—2.36)

2.35 (2.34—2.36)

0.376

 Phosphorus, mmol/L

1.20 (1.18—1.21)

1.17 (1.15—1.19)

1.23 (1.21—1.25)

 < .001

 Subcutaneous adipose tissue mass, kg

1.59 (1.54—1.64)

1.37 (1.31—1.44)

1.82 (1.76—1.89)

 < .001

 Total abdominal fat tissue mass, kg

2.17 (2.11—2.23)

2.02 (1.94—2.10)

2.33 (2.24—2.41)

 < .001

 Visceral adipose tissue mass, kg

0.58 (0.56—0.60)

0.65 (0.62—0.67)

0.50 (0.48—0.53)

 < 0.001

 Femoral neck BMD, gm/cm2

0.81 (0.80—0.82)

0.83 (0.82—0.85)

0.79 (0.78—0.80)

 < .001

 Lumbar spine BMD, gm/cm2

1.03 (1.02—1.04)

1.04 (1.03—1.05)

1.02 (1.00—1.03)

0.015