Table 1 Clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, and results of DXA scans in case and control groups

Age(years)

36.41(6.86)

0.248

Height(m)

1.73(0.08)

0.994

0.323

Weight(kg)

67.79(10.48)

0.006

BMI(kg/m²)

22.72(3.10)

0.001

β-CTx(ng/L)

777.15(253.78)

599.60(137.74)

4.435

<0.001

25(OH)D(nmol/L)^a

68.96(31.92/117.92)

82.39(30.79/114.92)

− 0.854

0.393

Calcium(mmol/L)^a

2.28(1.93/2.50)

2.33(2.17/2.54)

-1.394

0.163

Phosphorus(mmol/L)^a

1.10(0.83/1.57)

1.23(0.84/1.54)

-1.193

0.233

PTH(pmol/L)^a

4.05(1.60/7.49)

5.09(1.75/6.86)

-1.708

0.088

P1NP(ug/L)^a

50.74(13.19/139.60)

52.64(11.49/88.12)

-1.082

0.279

BGP(ug/L)^a

15.28(6.16/24.10)

18.18(6.03/24.5)

-1.279

0.201

Calcitonin(pmol/L)^a

1.06(0.00/4.50)

1.19(0.03/2.79)

− 0.013

0.989

Average daily sunlight

exposure(hours)^a

1.5(0.5/3.0)

1.9(0.5/6.0)

− 0.342

0.732

FISH

14.26(4.52)

HBV^b

18(33.96%)

13(26.53%)

0.519

HCV^b

12(22.64%)

0(0%)

<0.001

HIV^b

3(5.66%)

0(0%)

0.244

L1-L4

BMD(g/cm2)

1.07(0.121)

1.11(0.11)

-1.653

0.102

T-score

-0.10(0.99)

0.21(0.91)

-1.679

0.096

Z-score

0.08(0.98)

0.29(0.91)

-1.115

0.268

Femoral neck

BMD(g/cm²)

0.80(0.13)

0.97(0.08)

-8.045

<0.001

T-score

-1.38(0.96)

-0.06(0.64)

-8.170

<0.001

Z-score

-1.15(0.96)

0.06(0.57)

-7.725

<0.001

ward’s triangle

BMD(g/cm²)

0.62(0.14)

0.83(0.13)

-7.970

<0.001

T-score

-1.75(0.92)

-0.33(0.84)

-8.106

<0.001

Z-score

-1.41(0.97)

-0.12(0.70)

-7.726

<0.001

Trochanter

BMD(g/cm²)

0.63(0.13)

0.80(0.08)

-8.197

<0.001

T-score

-1.60(1.04)

-0.23(0.67)

-7.964

<0.001

Z-score

-1.46(1.04)

-0.19(0.60)

-7.665

<0.001

Hip

BMD(g/cm²)

0.80(0.14)

0.98(0.08)

-8.180

<0.001

T-score

-1.46(1.06)

-0.10(0.59)

-8.062

<0.001

Z-score

-1.40(1.05)

-0.09(0.55)

-7.986

<0.001