Table 3 Qualitative data of gait outcomes by domain (pace, rhythm, asymmetry, and postural control in bold) and walking condition (preferred speed neutral, preferred speed dual task, fast speed neutral, fast speed dual task italicized)
From: The impact of neck pain on gait health: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Domain | Outcome | Author (year) | Neck Pain (mean [standard deviation]) | Control (mean [standard deviation]) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pace | Gait Speed (m/s) | Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Neutral | |||
Kirmizi (2019)a [26] | 1.30 [0.14] | 1.45 [0.21] | |||
Kirmizi (2019)a [26] | 1.30 [0.18] | 1.45 [0.2] | |||
Kirmizi (2019)a [26] | 1.29 [0.17] | 1.43 [0.20] | |||
Lee (2022)d [18] | 1.23 [.13] | 1.26 [0.24] | |||
Poole (2008)d [49] | 1.23 [0.04] | 1.35 [0.05] | |||
Shehab (2021) [53] | 0.74 [0.02] | 0.79 [0.01] | |||
Sremakaew (2021) [50] | 1.21 [0.18] | 1.17 [0.10] | |||
Stokell (2011)d [51] | 1.67 [0.41] | 2.08 [0.26] | |||
Uthaikhup (2012)d [52] | 1.37 [0.26] | 1.46 [0.21] | |||
Uthaikhup (2014)d [23] | 1.09 [0.14] | 1.14 [0.14] | |||
Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Dual Task | |||||
Kirmizi (2019)a [26] | Head Rotation | 1.15 [0.22] | 1.41 [0.23] | ||
Kirmizi (2019)c [26] | Head Rotation | 1.14 [0.22] | 1.39 [0.22] | ||
Poole (2008)d [49] | Head Rotation | 1.23 [0.04] | 1.28 [0.05] | ||
Sremakaew (2021) [50] | Motor Dual Task Cognitive Dual Task | 0.99 [0.21] 0.72 [0.31] | 0.95 [0.19] 0.72 [0.27] | ||
Stokell (2011)d [51] | Head Rotation Head Nodding | 1.28 [0.44] 1.35 [0.49] | 1.96 [0.36] 1.96 [0.36] | ||
Uthaikhup (2012)d [52] | Head Rotation Head Nodding | 1.08 [0.29] 1.13 [0.27] | 1.33 [0.27] 1.43 [0.25] | ||
Uthaikhup (2014)d [23] | Head Rotation Head Nodding | 0.88 [0.21] 0.99 [0.22] | 1.01 [0.18] 0.99 [0.22] | ||
Fast Speed: Neutral | |||||
Kirmizi (2019)a [26] | 1.91 [0.24] | 2.16 [0.23] | |||
Kirmizi (2019)b [26] | 1.89 [0.23] | 2.11 [0.23] | |||
Kirmizi (2019)c [26] | 1.89 [0.23] | 2.10 [0.26] | |||
Uthaikhup (2014)d [23] | 1.55 [0.18] | 1.81 [0.22] | |||
Wannaprom (2018) [54] | 1.5 [0.05] | 1.72 [0.06] | |||
Stride Length (m) | Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Neutral | ||||
Falla (2017)d [46] | R: 0.60 [0.06] L: 0.60 [0.06] | R: 0.63 [0.05] L: 0.63 [0.05] | |||
Lee (2022)d [18] | 1.32 [0.12] | 1.40 [0.18] | |||
Poole (2008) [49] | 1.32 [0.03] | 1.37 [0.03] | |||
Uthaikhup (2014)d [23] | R:1.32 [0.18] L:1.30 [.16] | R: 1.34 [0.22] L: 1.35 [0.23] | |||
Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Dual Task | |||||
Falla (2017)d [46] | Right Head Rotation Left Head Rotation | R: 0.57 [0.05] L: 0.57 [0.05] R: 0.60 [0.05] L: 0.60 [0.05] | R: 0.64 [0.06] L: 0.64 [0.06] R: 0.64 [0.06] L: 0.64 [0.06] | ||
Poole (2008) [49] | Head Rotation | 1.29 [0.03] | 1.32 [0.03] | ||
Uthaikhup (2014)d [23] | Head Rotation Head Nodding | R: 1.12 [0.17] L: 1.10 [0.15] R: 1.17 [0.18] L: 1.19 [0.15] | R: 1.31 [0.37] L: 1.33 [0.41] R: 1.38 [0.34] L: 1.39 [0.34] | ||
Fast Speed: Neutral | |||||
Falla (2017)d [46] | 3 km/hr 5 km/hr | R: 0.54 [0.04] L: 0.54 [0.03] R: 0.70 [0.04] L: 0.70 [0.04] | R: 0.56 [0.04] L: 0.56 [0.04] R: 0.71 [0.04] L: 0.71 [0.04] | ||
Uthaikhup (2014)d [23] | R: 1.46 [0.22] L: 1.48 [0.29] | R: 1.64 [0.35] L: 1.57 [0.28] | |||
Fast Speed: Dual Task | |||||
Falla (2017)d [46] | 3 km/hr Right Head Rotation 3 km/hr Left Head Rotation 5 km/hr Right Head Rotation 5 km/hr Left Head Rotation | R: 0.54 [0.03] L: 0.55 [0.02] R: 0.56 [0.04] L: 0.55 [0.03] R: 0.68 [0.04] L: 0.68 [0.03] R: 0.68 [0.04] L: 0.68 [0.03] | R: 0.57 [0.04] L: 0.58 [0.04] R: 0.58 [0.04] L: 0.57 [0.04] R: 0.70 [0.04] L: 0.70 [0.04] R: 0.70 [0.04] L: 0.70 [0.04] | ||
Step Length (m) | Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Neutral | ||||
Kirmizi (2019)b,d [26] | 0.69 [0.09] | 0.73 [0.06] | |||
Kirmizi (2019)c,d [26] | 0.69 [0.8] | 0.73 [0.06] | |||
Shehab (2021) [53] | R: 0.53 [0.03] L: 0.51 [0.04] | R: 0.67 [0.02] L: 0.66 [0.03] | |||
Uthaikhup (2014)d [23] | R: 0.64 [0.08] L: 0.64 [0.07] | R: 0.66 [0.09] L: 0.66 [0.10] | |||
Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Dual Task | |||||
Kirmizi (2019)c,d [26] | Head Rotation | 0.65 [0.09] | 0.71[0.07] | ||
Uthaikhup (2014)d [23] | Head Rotation Head Nodding | R: 0.55 [0.07] L: 0.54 [0.08] R: 0.58 [0.08] L: 0.59 [0.07] | R: 0.64 [0.02] L: 0.64 [0.02] R: 0.67 [0.01] L: 0.68 [0.02] | ||
Fast Speed: Neutral | |||||
Kirmizi (2019)b,d [26] | 0.82 [0.10] | 0.86 [0.07] | |||
Kirmizi (2019)c,d [26] | 0.82 [0.10] | 0.86 [0.07] | |||
Uthaikhup (2014)d [23] | R: 0.72 [0.10] L: 0.73 [0.11] | R: 0.82 [0.17] L: 0.81 [0.18] | |||
Rhythm | Cadence (steps/min) | Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Neutral | |||
Falla (2017) [46] | R: 53.8 [3.7] L: 53.8 [3.8] | R: 53.3 [4.6] L: 53.3 [4.6] | |||
Kirmizi (2019)b [26] | 112.52 [6.82] | 118.26 [8.91] | |||
Kirmizi (2019)c [26] | 112.43 [6.32] | 117.71 [8.95] | |||
Lee (2022) [18] | 110.58 [5.31] | 113.35 [13.24] | |||
Poole (2008) [49] | 112.49 [3.3] | 117.0 [3.3] | |||
Uthaikhup (2012) [52] | 123.4 [19.1] | 117.5 [16.5] | |||
Uthaikhup (2014) [23] | 136.7 [46.2] | 121.5 [27.4] | |||
Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Dual Task | |||||
Falla (2017) [46] | Right Head Rotation Left Head Rotation | R: 53.8 [3.5] L: 53.8 [3.5] R: 53.6 [5.5] L: 53.6 [5.5] | R: 54.8 [5.9] L: 55.0 [5.6] R: 54.9 [4.5] L: 54.9 [4.5] | ||
Kirmizi (2019)c [26] | Head Rotation | 103.28 [14.68] | 116.79 [10.75] | ||
Poole (2008) [49] | Head Rotation | 108.97 [3.9] | 121.64 [3.9] | ||
Uthaikhup (2012) [52] | Head Rotation Head Nodding | 102.7 [15.8] 107.6 [16.1] | 113.1 [15.0] 118.3 [13.6] | ||
Uthaikhup (2014) [23] | Head Rotation Head Nodding | 115.0 [38.8] 125.8 [42.2] | 130.3 [42.4] 125.8 [42.2] | ||
Fast Speed: Neutral | |||||
Falla (2017) [46] | 3 km/hr 5 km/hr | R: 50.5 [2.5] L: 50.6 [2.5] R: 61.0 [2.8] L: 61.0 [2.8] | R: 49.5 [3.2] L: 49.5 [3.2] R: 60.1 [3.1] L: 60.1 [3.2] | ||
Kirmizi (2019)b [26] | 139.13 [12.2] | 147.96 [11.83] | |||
Kirmizi (2019)c [26] | 139.17 [11.66] | 147.78 [12.41] | |||
Uthaikhup (2014) [23] | 145.0 [34.0] | 149.5 [31.2] | |||
Fast Speed: Dual Task | |||||
Falla (2017) [46] | 3 km/hr Right Head Rotation 3 km/hr Left Head Rotation 5 km/hr Right Head Rotation 5 km/hr Left Head Rotation | R: 50.2 [2.5] L: 50.2 [2.3] R: 49.6 [2.6] L: 49.6 [2.6] R: 62.0 [2.4] L: 62.0 [2.4] R: 62.2 [2.6] L: 62.2 [2.6] | R: 49.3 [3.4] L: 49.3 [3.3] R: 49.2 [3.5] L: 49.2 [3.5] R: 61.2 [2.8] L: 61.2 [2.8] R: 61.2 [2.7] L: 61.2 [2.7] | ||
Stride time (s) | Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Neutral | ||||
Poole (2008) [49] | 1.07 [0.02] | 1.00 [0.02] | |||
Uthaikhup (2014) [23] | R: 1.2 [0.2] L: 1.2 [0.2] | R: 1.2 [0.2] L: 1.2 [0.2] | |||
Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Dual Task | |||||
Poole (2008) [49] | Head Rotation | 1.11 [0.02] | 1.01 [0.02] | ||
Uthaikhup (2014) [23] | Head Rotation Head Nodding | R: 1.3 [0.4] L: 1.3 [0.4] R: 1.2 [0.2] L: 1.2 [0.2] | R: 1.3 [0.3] L: 1.3 [0.3] R: 1.2 [0.2] L: 1.2 [0.2] | ||
Fast Speed: Neutral | |||||
Uthaikhup (2014) [23] | R: 0.9 [0.1] L: 1.0 [0.2] | R: 0.9 [0.2] L: 1.0 [0.3] | |||
Stance time (R/L %) | Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Neutral | ||||
Shehab (2021) [53] | R: 51.35 [0.79] L: 48.65 [0.79] | R: 50.04 [0.66] L: 49.96 [0.66] | |||
Gait Stability Ratio | Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Neutral | ||||
Kirmizi (2019)c [26] | 1.46 [0.17] | 1.38 [0.11] | |||
Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Dual Task | |||||
Kirmizi (2019)c [26] | Head Rotation | 1.54 [0.21] | 1.42 [0.13] | ||
Fast Speed: Neutral | |||||
Kirmizi (2019)c [26] | 1.24 [0.14] | 1.18 [0.1] | |||
Postural Control | Step width (cm) | Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Neutral | |||
Lee (2022) [18] | 10.09 [3.80] | 10.56 [2.65] | |||
Uthaikhup (2014) [23] | R: 59.5 [5.5] L: 59.4 [5.1] | R: 61.5 [4.8] L: 61.5 [5.0] | |||
Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Dual Task | |||||
Uthaikhup (2014) [23] | Head Rotation Head Nodding | R: 53.6 [6.8] L: 53.1 [7.5] R: 55.4 [7.1] L: 55.6 [6.4] | R: 53.6 [6.8] L: 53.1 [7.5] R: 55.4 [7.1] L: 55.6 [6.4] | ||
Fast Speed: Neutral | |||||
Uthaikhup (2014) [23] | R: 68.4 [5.8] L: 69.0 [6.0] | R: 75.3 [7.2] L: 74.7 [7.9] | |||
Asymmetry | Gait Asymmetry | Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Neutral | |||
Kirmizi (2019)a [26] | 3 [2.55] | 1.70 [1.64] | |||
Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Dual Task | |||||
Kirmizi (2019)a [26] | Head Rotation | 2.76 [2.7] | 2.03 [1.4] | ||
Fast Speed: Neutral | |||||
Kirmizi (2019)a [26] | 3.32 [2.17] | 1.4 [1.6] | |||
No domain | # of strides | Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Neutral | |||
Poole (2008) [49] | 6.11 [0.15] | 5.85 [0.15] | |||
Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Dual Task | |||||
Poole (2008) [49] | Head Rotation | 6.45 [0.22] | 6.26 [0.22] | ||
# of steps | Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Neutral | ||||
Stokell (2011) [51] | 12.8 [2.1] | 11.3 [1] | |||
Preferred Speed/Self-Selected Speed: Dual Task | |||||
Stokell (2011) [51] | Head Rotation Head Nodding | 14.3 [2.4] 14.1 [2.4] | 11.8 [1.2] 12.1 [1.3] | ||