Table 1 Exclusion and inclusion criteria

Age 18–35 years

Exogenous knee injuries bruises, blows, cuts, burns, contusions

Can cooperate with rehabilitation physiotherapy and training and follow-up, and will not withdraw from the study without reason

External or subcutaneous bleeding from ruptured skin of the knee joint

Patellofemoral joint pain for more than 6 weeks

Born with abnormal bone structure

Positive patellar sliding/passive sliding trajectory

Presence of knee inflammation, patellar dislocation or subluxation, ligament damage

Anterior knee pain during exercise such as walking, running and jumping, walking up and down stairs

History of static knee arthroscopy within one year

Positive assessment of lateral patellar tilt/Waldron test is positive

Injury or discomfort to other body parts

Pain in the knee joint when the lower limb is under load

Loading exercises for lower limb related movements during the experiment