Fig. 1

An enrolled case to illustrate the modeling method: 1a MRI fat suppression image of lumbar spine in a enrolled case showed SNs with Modic I changes in the cephalic endplate of T12 vertebra. 1b The boundary of bone edema ring is delineated (red circle). 1c Postoperative CT provides details of cement distribution. 1d Top view of reverse reconstruction model. 1e Reverse reconstruction of model top view (perspective), showing vertebra (yellow), bone cement (green), bone edema zone (red). 1f Reverse reconstruction model profile view (perspective), showing vertebra (yellow), bone cement (green), bone edema zone (red)