Table 3 Association of demographic, anthropometric factors and comorbidities with musculoskeletal diseases using binary logistic regression

Age (year)

1.02 (1.01–1.03)

1.01 (1.01–1.02)

1.04 (1.03–1.04)

1.03 (1.02–1.04)

Residency

Urban

1.17 (1.03–1.32)

1.31 (1.14–1.50)

1.56 (1.39–1.75)

1.59 (1.39–1.82)

Rural

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Socio-economic status

Poor

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Moderate

0.82 (0.69–0.97)

0.84 (0.70–1.01)

1.27 (1.11–1.44)

1.18 (1.03–1.36)

High

0.77 (0.66–0.90)

0.77 (0.64–0.92)

1.08 (0.93–1.26)

1.01 (0.84–1.20)

Physical activity (Met h/day)

Low

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Moderate

0.98 (0.85–1.14)

1.00 (0.86–1.16)

0.93 (0.81–1.06)

1.03 (0.90–1.19)

 High

1.11 (0.96–1.28)

1.11 (0.96–1.30)

0.81 (0.66–0.99)

1.05 (0.85–1.31)

Smoke status

Non-smoker

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Current smoker

1.16 (0.98–1.37)

1.16 (0.98–1.37)

1.38 (0.90–2.11)

1.19 (0.76–1.84)

Former smoker

1.36 (1.13–1.64)

1.21 (1.01–1.47)

2.67 (1.85–3.84)

1.90 (1.30–2.79)

Passive smoker

1.08 (0.93–1.25)

1.08 (0.93–1.25)

1.15 (1.02–1.29)

1.13 (1.01–1.27)

BMI Level

 Underweight

0.99 (0.65–1.50)

-

0.96 (0.59–1.58)

1.02 (0.61–1.70)

 Normal

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Overweight

1.07 (0.94–1.22)

-

1.37 (1.18–1.59)

1.34 (1.15–1.56)

 Obese

1.18 (0.99–1.40)

-

1.69 (1.45–1.96)

1.57 (1.33–1.84)

Sleep duration

 < 6 h

1.25 (1.04–1.51)

1.20 (0.99–1.45)

1.34 (1.10–1.64)

1.18 (0.96–1.45)

 6–7 h

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 ≥ 8 h

0.99 (0.84–1.14)

0.98 (0.86–1.13)

0.87 (0.77–0.98)

0.94 (0.83–1.07)

Comorbidities (yes)

Hypertension

1.55 (1.31–1.83)

1.17 (0.93–1.46)

1.49 (1.28–1.74)

0.95 (0.76–1.17)

Type 2 diabetes

1.14 (0.92–1.41)

-

1.57 (1.28–1.92)

1.13 (0.91–1.41)

Dyslipidemia

1.07 (0.95–1.20)

-

1.16 (1.03–1.31)

0.93 (0.82–1.05)

Cardiovascular diseases

1.61 (1.35–1.93)

1.28 (1.01–1.63)

1.64 (1.42–1.89)

1.20 (0.98–1.47)

Depression

0.94 (0.62–1.44)

-

1.39 (1.04–1.86)

1.25 (0.92–1.71)

Menopausal women (yes)

-

-

1.86 (1.65–2.11)

1.21 (1.01–1.47)