Table 2 Comparison of baseline characteristics of participants according to musculoskeletal condition, (N = 9,520)

Age (years)

46.11 ± 8.03

48.45 ± 8.29

< 0.001

Sex, n (%)

Male

2614 (54.23)

1924 (40.94)

< 0.001

Female

2206 (45.77)

2776 (59.06)

Residency, n (%)

Urban

2723 (56.49)

2978 (63.36)

< 0.001

Rural

2097 (43.51)

1722 (36.64)

Socio-economic status, n (%)

Weak

1521 (31.56)

1612 (34.31)

< 0.001

Moderate

1553 (32.23)

1636 (34.82)

Good

1745 (36.21)

1450 (30.86)

Physical activity (Met h/day)

Low

1472 (30.54)

1397 (29.72)

0.001

Moderate

2205 (45.75)

2317 (49.30)

High

1143 (23.71)

986 (20.98)

Lifestyle

Current smoker, n (%)

599 (12.49)

491 (10.49)

0.001

Alcohol use, n (%)

265 (5.50)

198 (4.21)

0.004

Sleep duration ( per 24 h)

7.13 ± 1.18

7.04 ± 1.26

0.002

Anthropometry

Body Mass Index, kg/m²

27.10 ± 4.57

27.91 ± 4.60

< 0.001

Waist Circumference, cm

96.48 ± 10.36

98.10 ± 10.60

< 0.001

Skeletal Muscle Mass, kg

27.01 ± 5.82

25.93 ± 5.60

< 0.001

Visceral Fat Area, cm²

115.48 ± 50.10

129.05 ± 52.11

< 0.001

Comorbidities, n (%)

Hypertension

618 (12.82)

869 (18.49)

< 0.001

Type 2 Diabetes

354 (7.35)

462 (9.83)

< 0.001

Dyslipidemia

2125 (44.10)

2090 (44.47)

0.708

Cardiovascular diseases

625 (12.97)

973 (20.70)

< 0.001

Depression

127 (2.63)

165 (3.51)

0.013

Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m²)

1109 (23.01)

1418 (30.17)

< 0.001

Menopausal women, n (%)

526 (23.82)

1025 (36.86)

< 0.001

Contraceptive pills use, n (%)

1657 (75.08)

2171 (78.21)

0.009