Fig. 4

Comparison of ROM of each segment between the current intact FE model and the previous studies.

We used the intact model developed in this study to simulate the movements of forward flexion, back extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation and recorded the activity of each segment, contrary to the results of Yamamoto et al., Shim et al., Huang et al., Lo et al. In this study, the degree of intersegmental activity was mostly greater in the intact model than in the models of Yamamoto et al., Shim et al., Huang et al., Lo et al. Although there are data differences, they are more consistent with the trend of data variation.