Table 3 Linear regression analysis for correlation between blood antioxidant levels and bone strength of femoral neck

Femoral Neck bone mineral density (gms/cm² )

 Blood total lutein (umol/L)

-0.21 (-0.34, -0.09)

 < 0.001**

-0.17 (-0.30, -0.05)

0.007**

 Blood zeaxanthin (umol/L)

-0.20 (-0.60, 0.20)

0.322

-0.16 (-0.55, 0.23)

0.423

 Blood beta-cryptoxanthin (umol/L)

-0.14 (-0.25, -0.04)

0.007**

-0.12 (-0.22, -0.02)

0.022*

 Blood 13-cis-beta-carotene (umol/L)

-0.28 (-0.55, -0.01)

0.039*

-0.21 (-0.47, 0.05)

0.119

 Blood alpha-carotene (umol/L)

-0.24 (-0.44, -0.04)

0.020*

-0.21 (-0.41, -0.02)

0.035*

 Blood all trans-beta-carotene (umol/L)

-0.03 (-0.06, -0.01)

0.007**

-0.03 (-0.05, -0.00)

0.048*

 Blood total lycopene (umol/L)

-0.01 (-0.10, 0.08)

0.814

-0.04 (-0.13, 0.05)

0.338

 Blood gamma-tocopherol (umol/L)

0.00 (-0.00, 0.01)

0.268

0.00 (-0.00, 0.01)

0.509

 Blood alpha-tocopherol (umol/L)

-0.00 (-0.00, 0.00)

0.153

-0.00 (-0.00, 0.00)

0.834

 Blood retinol (umol/L)

-0.03 (-0.06, -0.00)

0.024*

-0.02 (-0.05, 0.01)

0.123

Compression Strength Index (g/kg-m)

 Blood total lutein (umol/L)

0.32 (-0.06, 0.71)

0.102

0.38 (-0.01, 0.77)

0.059

 Blood zeaxanthin (umol/L)

1.28 (0.05, 2.52)

0.042*

1.27 (0.03, 2.50)

0.045*

 Blood beta-cryptoxanthin (umol/L)

0.20 (-0.12, 0.53)

0.220

0.23 (-0.09, 0.56)

0.165

 Blood 13-cis-beta-carotene (umol/L)

1.15 (0.32, 1.98)

0.007**

1.11 (0.28, 1.94)

0.009**

 Blood alpha-carotene (umol/L)

0.64 (0.01, 1.27)

0.046*

0.59 (-0.04, 1.21)

0.067

 Blood all trans-beta-carotene (umol/L)

0.05 (-0.03, 0.13)

0.209

0.05 (-0.03, 0.13)

0.216

 Blood total lycopene (umol/L)

0.07 (-0.21, 0.35)

0.627

0.06 (-0.22, 0.34)

0.661

 Blood gamma-tocopherol (umol/L)

-0.02 (-0.04, -0.01)

0.014*

-0.03 (-0.05, -0.01)

0.006**

 Blood alpha-tocopherol (umol/L)

-0.01 (-0.01, -0.00)

0.009**

-0.01 (-0.01, -0.00)

0.024*

 Blood retinol (umol/L)

-0.07 (-0.16, 0.01)

0.076

-0.05 (-0.14, 0.03)

0.192

Bending Strength Index (g/kg-m)

 Blood total lutein (umol/L)

0.18 (0.02, 0.34)

0.029*

0.19 (0.03, 0.35)

0.024*

 Blood zeaxanthin (umol/L)

0.59 (0.09, 1.10)

0.021*

0.54 (0.03, 1.06)

0.037*

 Blood beta-cryptoxanthin (umol/L)

0.22 (0.09, 0.35)

0.001**

0.22 (0.09, 0.36)

0.001**

 Blood 13-cis-beta-carotene (umol/L)

0.46 (0.12, 0.80)

0.008**

0.37 (0.02, 0.71)

0.036*

 Blood alpha-carotene (umol/L)

0.35 (0.10, 0.61)

0.007**

0.28 (0.02, 0.54)

0.035*

 Blood all trans-beta-carotene (umol/L)

0.04 (0.01, 0.07)

0.019*

0.03 (-0.00, 0.06)

0.080*

 Blood total lycopene (umol/L)

0.05 (-0.06, 0.17)

0.350

0.08 (-0.04, 0.19)

0.200

 Blood gamma-tocopherol (umol/L)

-0.01 (-0.01, 0.00)

0.117

-0.01 (-0.02, 0.00)

0.064

 Blood alpha-tocopherol (umol/L)

-0.00 (-0.00, 0.00)

0.200

-0.00 (-0.00, 0.00)

0.286

 Blood retinol (umol/L)

-0.04 (-0.07, -0.01)

0.018*

-0.03 (-0.06, 0.00)

0.094

Impact Strength Index (g/kg-m)

 Blood total lutein (umol/L)

0.02 (-0.00, 0.04)

0.060

0.02 (0.00, 0.04)

0.050

 Blood zeaxanthin (umol/L)

0.07 (0.01, 0.13)

0.025*

0.06 (0.00, 0.13)

0.045

 Blood beta-cryptoxanthin (umol/L)

0.02 (0.00, 0.03)

0.049*

0.02 (0.00, 0.03)

0.043*

 Blood 13-cis-beta-carotene (umol/L)

0.05 (0.01, 0.09)

0.024*

0.04 (-0.01, 0.08)

0.097

 Blood alpha-carotene (umol/L)

0.05 (0.02, 0.08)

0.003**

0.04 (0.01, 0.07)

0.020*

 Blood all trans-beta-carotene (umol/L)

0.00 (0.00, 0.01)

0.023

0.00 (-0.00, 0.01)

0.101

 Blood total lycopene (umol/L)

0.01 (-0.00, 0.03)

0.083

0.02 (0.00, 0.03)

0.036

 Blood gamma-tocopherol (umol/L)

-0.00 (-0.00, -0.00)

0.002

-0.00 (-0.00, -0.00)

 < 0.001

 Blood alpha-tocopherol (umol/L)

-0.00 (-0.00, -0.00)

0.021

-0.00 (-0.00, -0.00)

0.035

 Blood retinol (umol/L)

-0.00 (-0.01, 0.00)

0.281

-0.00 (-0.00, 0.00)

0.714