Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants
Baseline features | |
|---|---|
n (%) 1 | |
Age (mean and SD) | 60.3 (10.2) |
Gender: female | 272 (82.9) |
Marital status | |
Single | 15 (4.6%) |
Married/ Partner | 206 (63.6%) |
Divorced/ Separated | 52 (16.0%) |
Widow/ Widower | 51 (15.7%) |
Level of education | |
No formal education | 42 (12.9%) |
Primary school | 172 (53.1%) |
Lower secondary school | 48 (14.8%) |
Upper secondary school | 48 (14.8%) |
University | 14 (4.3%) |
Occupational status | |
Active worker | 64 (20.8%) |
Unemployed | 38 (12.3%) |
Permanent work disability | 26 (8.2%) |
Retired | 130 (41.0%) |
Household chores | 50 (16.2%) |
Location of pain | |
Spine | 14 (4.3%) |
Limb | 18 (5.5%) |
Both locations | 298 (90.2%) |
Severity of pain (BPI2 score; mean and SD) | 6.52 (1.82) |
Interference of pain (BPI2 score; mean and SD) | 6.35 (2.31) |
Duration of chronic pain ≥ 24 months | 275 (83.8%) |
Severity of depression (HSCL-203 score; mean and SD) | 1.68 (0.74) |
Duration of depressive episode ≥ 24 months | 190 (57.9%) |
Recurrent depression | 205 (62.9%) |
Psychiatric comorbidity | |
Panic disorder | 95 (29.3%) |
Generalised anxiety disorder | 242 (74.0%) |
Physical comorbidity (DUSOI4 score; mean and SD) | 43.6 (11.8) |
Survey of Pain Attitudes domains (SOPA; mean and SD) | |
Control | 2.15 (1.12) |
Disability | 1.41 (0.92) |
Harm | 1.94 (0.82) |
Emotion | 2.34 (1.10) |
Medication | 2.76 (0.98) |
Solicitude | 1.58 (1.43) |
Medical cure | 2.54 (1.03) |
Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS; mean and SD) | 1.68 (1.08) |