Table 1 Demographic and clinical information at baseline

Age (y)

69.6 ± 8.8

Female (%)

48.9

Height (cm)

157.9 ± 9.3

Weight (kg)

61.3 ± 11.6

BMI (kg/m²)

24.5 ± 3.1

Current smoking habit (%)

9.6

Employed (%)

35.1

Symptom duration (mo)

13.0 (6.0–46.5)

Hypertension (%)

48.9

Dyslipidemia (%)

22.3

Diabetes (%)

13.8

VAS score for leg numbness (mm)

70.0 (50.0–80.0)

Muscle weakness

 Tibialis anterior (n, %)

18 (19.1)

 Extensor hallucis longus (n, %)

23 (24.5)

 Extensor digitorum longus (n, %)

13 (13.8)

 Flexor hallucis longus (n, %)

6 (6.4)

 Flexor digitorum longus (n, %)

6 (6.4)

 Gastrocnemius (n, %)

3 (3.2)

Walking distance (m)

200.0 (80.0–500.0)

Surgical treatment

 Decompression (n)

41

  1 level (n, %)

27 (65.8)

  2 levels (n, %)

10 (24.4)

  3 levels (n, %)

4 (9.8)

 Decompression with fusion (n)

53

  1 level (n, %)

28 (52.8)

  2 levels (n, %)

24 (45.3)

  4 levels (n, %)

1 (1.9)