Effect of aquatic physical therapy on chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ma, Ji; Zhang, Teng; He, Yapeng; Li, Xin; Chen, Haoyang; Zhao, Qian

doi:10.1186/s12891-022-05981-8

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

Table 2 Characteristics of included studies

From: Effect of aquatic physical therapy on chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

First Author, Year	Country of study	Intervention group(Sample Size)	Control group(Sample Size)	Intervention group (Type of exercise)	Control group (Type of exercise)	Intervention time	Follow up time	Outcomes measures
Abadi et al. 2019 [15]	Sultan	19	20	aquatic exercise	physiotherapy exercise + no exercise	60 min 2 × /wk 12wks	——	modified Oswestry questionnaire
Bello et al. 2010 [16]	Ghana	6	6	water-based exercises	land-based exercises	45-60 min 2 × /wk 6wks	——	Pain: VAS; Trunk flexibility: MSFT,MSET
Costantino et al. 2014 [17]	Italy	27	27	hydrotherapy	physiotherapy treatment	60 min 2 × /wk 12wks	3mons	RMDQ;SF-36
Cuesta-Vargas et al. 2011 [18]	Spain	23	23	MMPTP + DWR	MMPTP	60 min 3 × /wk 15wks	——	pain: VAS; disability: RMDQ; general health:SF-12; physical function: MISL test, dual inclinometer, Biering Sorensen test
Cuesta-Vargas et al. 2012 [19]	Spain	25	24	GP + DWR	GP	30 min 3 × /wk 16wks	48wks	pain: VAS; disability: RMDQ; general health: SF-12
Dundar et al. 2009 [20]	Turkey	32	33	aquatic exercise	land-based exercise	60 min 5 × /wk 4wks	12wks	spinal mobility: modified Schober test; lumbal flexion/extension and rotation: inclinometer, goniometer; pain: VAS; disability: MOLBDQ; quality of life:SF-36
Han et al. 2011 [21]	Korea	9	10	aquatic exercise	no exercise	50 min 5 × /wk 10wks	——	VAS; muscle strength
Mahfouz et al. 2018 [22]	Egypt	20	20	aquatic therapy	conventional physical therapy	60 min 6wks	——	pain: VAS; Disability: ODI; lumbar flexion; Lumbar extension
Nardin et al. 2022 [23]	Brazil	20	20	PBM + DWR	PBM	65 min 2 × /wk 4wks	——	IPAQ-SF; ODI; VAS; 6-min walk test cortisol level; creatine kinase levels
Peng et al. 2022 [24]	China	56	57	therapeutic aquatic exercise	Physical therapy modalities	60 min 2 × /wk 12wks	12mons	RMDQ; NRS; SF-36; SAS; SDS; PSQI; PASS; TSK; FABQ
Sawant et al. 2019 [25]	India	15	15	hydrotherapy	conventional therapy	——	——	VAS; MODI
Yalfani et al. 2020 [26]	Iran	12	12	water pilates	mat pilates	75 min 3 × /wk 8wks	——	pain: VAS; disability: ODQ; balance: BBS
Yücesoy et al. 2021 [27]	Turkey	33	33	balneological + home exercise	home exercise	40 min 5 × /wk 2wks	3mons	pain: VAS, ODI; PGA; DGA; FFD; modified Schober test; SF-36

Note: VAS Visual Analogue Scale, MSFT Modified Schober Flexion Technique, MSET Modified Schober Extension Technique, RMDQ Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, SF-36 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, MMPTP Multimodal Physical Therapy Program, DWR Deep-Water Running, SF-12 Short-Form 12, MISL Maximum Isometric Strength of Lumbar, GP General practice, MOLBDQ The modifified Oswestry low back disability questionnaire, ODI Oswestry Disability Index, PBM Photobiomodulation therapy, IPAQ-SF International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form, NRS Numeric Rating Scale, SAS Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, SDS Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PASS Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, TSK Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, FABQ Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, MODI Modified Oswestry Disability Index, ODQ Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, BBS Biodex Balance System, PGA Patient’s global assessment, DGA physician’s global assessment, FFD finger-to-floor distance

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ISSN: 1471-2474

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