Table 2 Patient-reported outcome measures from entry to treatment to long-term follow-up after 4–15 years (n = 114)

Primary outcome

 NASS⁵, pain + disability

3.05

0.72

2.59

0.75

0.64

 < 0.001

2.60

0.84

0.63

 < 0.001

Secondary outcomes

 NASS, Neurogenic symptoms (n = 112)

2.41

1.10

1.96

0.96

0.41

 < 0.001

2.33

1.13

0.07

0.51

Short-Form 36 (n = 99)

 Physical functioning

63.02

16.82

69.02

18.33

0.36

 < 0.001

63.05

21.77

0.00

0.988

 Physical role

40.57

38.66

51.35

39.14

0.28

0.012

50.00

42.86

0.24

0.067

 Bodily pain

38.85

14.60

48.64

16.96

0.67

 < 0.001

53.70

20.44

1.02

 < 0.001

 General health

53.17

16.92

56.44

16.05

0.19

0.022

52.88

18.68

-0.02

0.863

 Vitality

49.39

15.32

56.80

16.66

0.48

 < 0.001

50.94

17.81

0.10

0.346

 Social functioning

72.98

21.99

79.17

20.75

0.28

0.001

74.12

22.11

0.05

0.640

 Emotional role

78.79

34.82

86.53

29.32

0.22

0.051

74.07

39.71

-0.14

0.272

 Mental health

68.66

17.09

72.96

15.58

0.25

0.002

69.92

16.21

0.07

0.452

 Physical component summary

35.28

7.67

38.34

8.61

0.40

 < 0.001

38.37

10.02

0.40

0.002

 Mental component summary

50.72

9.76

53.05

8.66

0.24

0.008

49.79

10.56

-0.10

0.381