Table 7 Range of Motion of the spine segments during the various tasks reported in the studies extracted
Task | Study | Cohort | Spine Segment | Plane | Angle° | SD° |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walking | Choi et al., [92] | Control | UT/LT | Sagittal | 2.3 | 1.1 |
Frontal | 2.8 | 1.4 | ||||
Transverse | 2.6 | 1.8 | ||||
LT/UL | Sagittal | 3.8 | 1.5 | |||
Frontal | 2.5 | 0.4 | ||||
Transverse | 7.9 | 1.3 | ||||
UL/LL | Sagittal | 3.6 | 1.3 | |||
Frontal | 5.6 | 1.4 | ||||
Transverse | 5.3 | 1.2 | ||||
LL/Pelvis | Sagittal | 4.8 | 1.8 | |||
Frontal | 7.9 | 1.8 | ||||
Transverse | 5 | 1.3 | ||||
Christe et al., [41] | Control | UT/LT | Sagittal | 4.45 | - | |
UL/LL | Sagittal | 6.55 | - | |||
LL/Pelvis | Sagittal | 7.97 | - | |||
LBP | UT/LT | Sagittal | 4.46 | - | ||
UL/LL | Sagittal | 4.45 | - | |||
LL/Pelvis | Sagittal | 6.55 | - | |||
Crosbie et al., [94] | Control | LT | Sagittal | 2.5 | 1.5 | |
Frontal | 7 | 3 | ||||
Transverse | 4 | 2.5 | ||||
Lumbar | Sagittal | 3.5 | 2 | |||
Frontal | 9 | 3.5 | ||||
Transverse | 4.5 | 2 | ||||
Pelvis | Sagittal | 3.5 | 1.5 | |||
Frontal | 6 | 2.5 | ||||
Transverse | 4 | 2.5 | ||||
Gombatto et al., [12] | Control | UL | Sagittal | 7.9 | - | |
Frontal | 2.9 | - | ||||
Transverse | 5.5 | - | ||||
LL | Sagittal | 4.5 | - | |||
Frontal | 1.8 | - | ||||
Transverse | 2.2 | - | ||||
LBP | UL | Sagittal | 5.8 | - | ||
Frontal | 2.7 | - | ||||
Transverse | 4.7 | - | ||||
LL | Sagittal | 4.5 | - | |||
Frontal | 2 | - | ||||
Transverse | 3.7 | - | ||||
Holewijn et al., [49] | AIS | Proximal Spine | Sagittal | 5.5 | 2.7 | |
Frontal | 8.3 | 2.9 | ||||
Transverse | 12.2 | 4 | ||||
Distal Spine | Sagittal | 8 | 0.3 | |||
Frontal | 8.2 | 3.4 | ||||
Transverse | 13.5 | 1.7 | ||||
Konz et al., [53] | Control | Thoracic | Sagittal | 5.7 | 0.9 | |
Frontal | 7.1 | 2.4 | ||||
Transverse | 8.7 | 2.5 | ||||
Lumbar | Sagittal | 6.8 | 1.4 | |||
Frontal | 10.8 | 2.4 | ||||
Transverse | 11.5 | 1.3 | ||||
AIS | Thoracic | Sagittal | 7.1 | 2.4 | ||
Frontal | 8.7 | 2.5 | ||||
Transverse | 6.8 | 1.4 | ||||
Lumbar | Sagittal | 10.8 | 2.4 | |||
Frontal | 11.5 | 1.3 | ||||
Transverse | 4.1 | 0.9 | ||||
Leardini et al., [23] | Control | Thoracic | Sagittal | 4.2 | 4.7 | |
Frontal | 5.1 | 2.1 | ||||
Transverse | 8.3 | 3.1 | ||||
Muller et al., [57] | Control | UT | Sagittal | 5.8 | 2.6 | |
Frontal | 3.8 | 0.9 | ||||
Transverse | 12.8 | 2.9 | ||||
LT | Sagittal | 6.9 | 1.5 | |||
Frontal | 3.8 | 1.1 | ||||
Transverse | 12.6 | 3.3 | ||||
Lumbar | Sagittal | 6 | 1.2 | |||
Frontal | 3.4 | 1.1 | ||||
Transverse | 13.9 | 3.4 | ||||
Needham et al., [26] | Control | UT | Sagittal | 2.21 | 0.83 | |
Frontal | 5.6 | 1.93 | ||||
Transverse | 11.34 | 4.68 | ||||
LT | Sagittal | 3.74 | 1.74 | |||
Frontal | 5.54 | 2.43 | ||||
Transverse | 5.5 | 1.56 | ||||
Lumbar | Sagittal | 3.22 | 0.63 | |||
Frontal | 6.5 | 2.11 | ||||
Transverse | 7.39 | 2 | ||||
Ryan and Bruno, [69] | Control | UL | Sagittal | 4 | 0.9 | |
Frontal | 3.15 | 0.5 | ||||
Transverse | 8.3 | 1.4 | ||||
LL | Sagittal | 5.1 | 1.1 | |||
Frontal | 4.27 | 0.54 | ||||
Transverse | 9.9 | 1.3 | ||||
Schmid et al., [46] | Control | Thoracic | Sagittal | 4 | 1.6 | |
Frontal | 4.3 | 1.6 | ||||
Transverse | 7.3 | 2.7 | ||||
Lumbar | Sagittal | 4.3 | 1.3 | |||
Frontal | 5.2 | 1.9 | ||||
Transverse | 9.3 | 3.3 | ||||
AIS | Thoracic | Sagittal | 4.8 | 1 | ||
Frontal | 3.7 | 1.4 | ||||
Transverse | 6.7 | 1.7 | ||||
Lumbar | Sagittal | 4.3 | 0.9 | |||
Frontal | 7.1 | 2.4 | ||||
Transverse | 10.6 | 3.6 | ||||
Forward Bending | Ghasemi et al., [86] | Control | Trunk | Sagittal | 125 | - |
Lumbar | Sagittal | 45 | - | |||
Pelvis | Sagittal | 50 | - | |||
Obese | Trunk | Sagittal | 118 | - | ||
Lumbar | Sagittal | 45 | - | |||
Pelvis | Sagittal | 55 | - | |||
Marich et al., [104] | Control | Lumbar | Sagittal | 33.8 | 7.1 | |
LBP | Lumbar | Sagittal | 35.1 | 9.3 | ||
Seerden et al., [39] | Control | UT | Sagittal | 12.4 | 5.4 | |
MUT | Sagittal | 4.7 | 3 | |||
LT | Sagittal | 8.7 | 3.8 | |||
UL | Sagittal | 18.6 | 6.5 | |||
LL | Sagittal | 28 | 8.6 | |||
Wilk et al., [83] | Control | Thoracic | Sagittal | 25 | 10 | |
Lumbar | Sagittal | 63 | 10 | |||
Fused Spine | Thoracic | Sagittal | 18 | 10 | ||
Lumbar | Sagittal | 57 | 12 | |||
Seated Bending | Breloff et al., [89] | Control | UL/LT | Sagittal | 10.53 | 10.16 |
LL/UL | Sagittal | 11.93 | 7.56 | |||
LL/Sacrum | Sagittal | 18.31 | 8.52 | |||
Hidalgo et al., [16] | Control | UT | Sagittal | 122.4 | 15.2 | |
LT | Sagittal | 110.4 | 14.1 | |||
UL | Sagittal | 81.9 | 15.9 | |||
LL | Sagittal | 73.1 | 15.8 | |||
LBP | UT | Sagittal | 100.1 | 22 | ||
LT | Sagittal | 85.4 | 20.4 | |||
UL | Sagittal | 60.9 | 16.8 | |||
LL | Sagittal | 53.8 | 16.3 | |||
Rouhani et al., 2015 [66] | Control | LT/UL | Sagittal | 7.5 | - | |
Frontal | 1.8 | - | ||||
Transverse | 2.2 | - | ||||
UL/LL | Sagittal | 15.1 | - | |||
Frontal | 1.8 | - | ||||
Transverse | 2.2 | - | ||||
Lateral Bending | Ghasemi et al., [86] | Control | Trunk | Frontal | 50 | - |
Lumbar | Frontal | 88 | - | |||
Pelvis | Frontal | 72 | - | |||
Obese | Trunk | Frontal | 55 | - | ||
Lumbar | Frontal | 95 | - | |||
Pelvis | Frontal | 62 | - | |||
Seerden et al., [39] | Control | UT | Frontal | 6.9 | 3.1 | |
MUT | Frontal | 7.2 | 3.5 | |||
LT | Frontal | 9.1 | 4.6 | |||
UL | Frontal | 10.1 | 4.2 | |||
LL | Frontal | 10.3 | 5.3 | |||
Wilk et al., [83] | Control | Thoracic | Frontal | 56 | 10 | |
Lumbar | Frontal | 52 | 10 | |||
Fused Spine | Thoracic | Frontal | 32 | 14 | ||
Lumbar | Frontal | 42 | 8 | |||
Axial Rotation | Ghasemi et al., [86] | Control | Trunk | Transverse | 88 | - |
Lumbar | Transverse | 72 | - | |||
Pelvis | Transverse | 30 | - | |||
Obese | Trunk | Transverse | 95 | - | ||
Lumbar | Transverse | 62 | - | |||
Pelvis | Transverse | 30 | - | |||
Seerden et al., [39] | Control | UT | Transverse | 9.6 | 6 | |
MUT | Transverse | 11.3 | 6.5 | |||
LT | Transverse | 15.3 | 10.3 | |||
UL | Transverse | 7.4 | 5.2 | |||
LL | Transverse | 7.9 | 4.3 | |||
Sugaya et al., [96] | Control | UT | Transverse | 39 | 8 | |
MUT | Transverse | 35 | 7 | |||
MLT | Transverse | 27 | 6 | |||
LT | Transverse | 18 | 4 | |||
UL | Transverse | 11 | 3 | |||
LL | Transverse | 6 | 2 | |||
Stand-to-sit | Al Eisa et al., [40] | Control | Thoracic | Frontal | 37.1 | 9 |
Transverse | 43.4 | 11.4 | ||||
Lumbar | Frontal | 17 | 8.2 | |||
Transverse | 32.3 | 8 | ||||
Hemming, [43] | Control | UT | Sagittal | 22.5 | 7.8 | |
LT | Sagittal | 20.6 | 7.4 | |||
UL | Sagittal | 10.7 | 10.9 | |||
LL | Sagittal | 9.9 | 11.2 | |||
Sit-to-Stand | Al Eisa et al., [40] | Control | Thoracic | Frontal | 26 | 7.6 |
Transverse | 39.9 | 14.2 | ||||
Lumbar | Frontal | 20.4 | 7.9 | |||
Transverse | 34.8 | 9.7 | ||||
Christe et al., [13] | Control | UT/LT | Sagittal | 5.7 | - | |
UL/LL | Sagittal | 10.3 | - | |||
LL/Pelvis | Sagittal | 21.8 | - | |||
LBP | UT/LT | Sagittal | 3.3 | - | ||
UL/LL | Sagittal | 5.7 | - | |||
LL/Pelvis | Sagittal | 10.3 | - | |||
Hemming, [43] | Control | UT | Sagittal | 20.6 | 7.4 | |
LT | Sagittal | 10.7 | 10.9 | |||
UL | Sagittal | 9.9 | 11.2 | |||
LL | Sagittal | -6.3 | 7.6 | |||
Object Pickup | Marich et al., [104] | Control | Lumbar | Sagittal | 21.3 | 4.7 |
LBP | Lumbar | Sagittal | 24.9 | 7.2 | ||
Stoll et al., [77] | Control | UT | Sagittal | 103.8 | 14.7 | |
Frontal | 5 | 18 | ||||
Transverse | 56.4 | 13.77 | ||||
LT | Sagittal | 110.5 | 18 | |||
Frontal | 23.3 | 9.4 | ||||
Transverse | 33.1 | 10.3 | ||||
Lumbar | Sagittal | 84.33 | 15.7 | |||
Frontal | 22.5 | 7.1 | ||||
Transverse | 30 | 7.86 |