Table 4 Characteristics of included studies as retrieved from the data extraction form
Study | NO. of Markers | Spine segments analysed | Kinematic variable assessed | System used | No. of Participants | Task performed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alemi et al., [98] | 35 | 3 (T1-T5, T5-T9, T9-L1, L1-S1) | Frontal, Sagittal, and transverse plane angles between the segments | 10-camera VICON System | 7 | Flexion–extension, lateral bending, axial rotation |
Arshad et al., [67] | 47 | 5 (L1L2, L2L3, L3L4, L4L5, L5S1) | ROM in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes | 10-camera VICON System, NEXUS | 6 | Walking trials |
Choi et al., [92] | 18 | 5 (Cervical, UT, LT, UL, LL) | ROM in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes | 6-camera VICON 460 system, VICON NEXUS | 6 | Walking Trials |
Christe et al., [13] | 20 | 4 (UT, LT, UL, LL) | ROM in the sagittal plane | VICON system at 120HZ, MATLAB | 21 | Sit-to-Stand |
Claus et al., [93] | 5 | 3 (T5-T10, T10-L3, L3-S2) | Thoracolumbar angle in the sagittal plane | VICON system at 30 Hz, VICON NEXUS, MATLAB | 50 | spontaneous sitting position, correct sitting position, typical standing posture |
Crosbie et al., [94] | 15 | 4 (UT, LT, lumbar, pelvis) | Frontal, Sagittal, and transverse plane angles between the segments | 4-camera Motion Analysis Corporation System | 108 | Walking trials |
Frigo et al., [47] | 12 | 3 (M1-M3, M3-M6, M6-M8 | Sagittal and frontal plane angles between the segments | 4-camera ELITE system motion analyser at 100 Hz | 18 | Walking trials |
Ghasemi et al., [86] | 42 | 2 (thoracic, lumbar) | ROM and lumbopelvic rhythm in sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes | 10-camera VICON system, NEXUS | 18 | Flexion forward, extension backward, lateral bending, spine rotation, load handling tasks |
Gombatto et al., [12] | 10 | 4 (UT, LT, UL, LL) | ROM in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes | 9-camera VICON system, NEXUS, VISUAL 3D | 36 | Walking trials |
Hemming, [43] | 30 | 4 (UT, LT, UL, LL) | ROM of the Sagittal plane | 8-camera VICON 512 at 100 Hz, MATLAB | 79 | Reach up, sit-to-stand, stand-to-sit, step up, step down, box lift, box replace, bend to retrieve pen from floor |
Hidalgo et al., [16] | 9 | 5 (UT, LT, UL, LL, Lumbar) | Frontal, Sagittal, and transverse plane angles between the segments | 8-camera BTS System | 50 | Flexion forward, lateral bending, flexion wit left and right rotation while in a seated position |
Holewijn et al., [49] | 40 | 2 (proximal and distal parts of the fused spine) | ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes | 10-camera VICON system at 100 Hz, NEXUS | 12 | Walking on a treadmill at a speed of 1.35 m/s |
Ignasiak et al., [50] | 75 | 8 (thoracic, lumbar, C7-T3, T3-T5, T5-T7, T7-T9, T9-T11, T11-L1) | ROM in the sagittal plane | 12-camera VICON MX system at 100 Hz, NEXUS | 42 | Full range flexion forward with return to upright posture |
Kakar et al., [52] | 19 | 3 (upper trunk, middle trunk, lower trunk) | ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes | 7-camera VICON M MX System at 240 Hz, NEXUS | 20 | Running on a treadmill at speeds between 2.2–3.8 m/s |
Konz et al., [53] | 5 + 8 marker triads | 3 (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) | Frontal, sagittal, and transverse angles between segments | 8-camera EAGLE digital real-time measurement system | 10 | Walking at 5 selected speeds |
Kuai et al., [54] | 8 | 5 (L1L2, L2L3, L3L4, L4L5, L5S1) | Frontal, sagittal, and transverse angles between segments | NDI OPTOTRAK CERTUS motion analysis system at 100 Hz, MATLAB | 33 | Walking trials, stair climbing, max flexion |
Kudo et al., [99] | 70 | 1 (trunk), 2 (C7-T9, T9-S1), 3 (C7-T6, T6-T12, T12-S1), 6 (C7-T3, T3-T6, T6-T9, T9-T12, T12-S1) | Sagittal, frontal, and transverse plane angles between segments | 23-camera Motion Analysis Corporation System at 250 Hz, MATLAB | 10 | Max flexion, lateral bending and axial rotation posture held for 5 s. Walking trials |
Kuwahara et al., [45] | 24 | 2 (thoracic, lumbar) | Sagittal plane angles between segments | 16-camera VICON MX system at 100 Hz | 20 | Walking trials |
Leardini et al., [23] | 14 | 5 (C7-T2, T2-MAI, MAI-L1, L1-L3, L3-L5) | Sagittal, frontal, and transverse plane angles between segments | 8-camera VICON 612 at 100 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB | 10 | Chair rising and sitting, step up and down, walking trials |
Lin et al., [55] | 39 + 6 marker triads | 5 (UT, Middle thoracic, Thoracolumbar, UL, LL) | ROM in the sagittal plane, angular velocity | 10-camera VICON MX system, NEXUS, MATLAB | 24 | Box lifting |
List et al., [56] | 71 | 2 (thoracic, lumbar) | Sagittal, frontal, and transverse plane angles between segments | 12-camera VICON MX system at 100 Hz, MATLAB | 30 | Restricted and unrestricted squats |
Marich et al., [100] | 35 | 2 (thoracic, lumbar) | Sagittal plane angles between segments | 8-camera VICON system at 120 Hz, VISUAL 3D, MATLAB | 48 | Object pick-up at different heights and distances |
Mason et al., [30] | 14 | 2 (thoracic, Lumbar) | ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes, angles between segments | 12-camera Qualisys Pro-reflex system at 240 Hz, Visual 3D, MATLAB | 12 | Running at a speed of 5.6 m/s |
Needham et al., [26] | 3 | 3 (UT, LT, Lumbar) | Frontal, sagittal, and transverse angles between segments | 8-camera VICON system at 100fps, VISUAL 3D | 10 | Walking trials |
Papi et al., [59] | 24 | 4 (UT, LT, UL, LL) | ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes | 10-camera VICON system at 100 Hz, MATLAB | 40 | Walking trials, sit-to-stand transitions, lifting a 5kgs box |
Patel et al., [61] | 20 | 2 (Thorax, Pelvis) | Frontal Plane angles between segments | 7-camera VICON 512 | 15 | Walking trials, rotation of the spine |
Peharec et al., [97] | 15 | 4 (UT, LT, UL, LL) | Sagittal and coronal plane angles between segments | 9-camera Smart BTS system | 63 | Flexion/extension, lateral bending from standing |
Pesenti et al., [63] | 36 | 2 (Thoracic, Lumbar) | Spine curvatures, CVA, SVA | 6-camera VICON system at 100 Hz | 62 | Walking Trials |
Pollock et al., [64] | 4 | 3 (UT, LT, UL)2 | Sagittal plane angles between the segments | 7-camera VICON at 100 Hz | 8 | Walking on a treadmill for 60 min |
Preuss and Popovic, [65] | 24 | 7 (UT, MUT, MLT, LT, UL, LL, Sacral) | Frontal, sagittal, and transverse angles between segments | 6-camera VICON 512 system at 120 Hz | 11 | Leaning towards targets while seated |
Rozumalski et al., [68] | 6 marker triads | 5 (L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4, L4-L5, L5-S1) | ROM of all three anatomical planes | 12-camera VICON MX system | 10 | Maximum voluntary spine ROM, walking trials, jogging, sit-to-stand, lifting |
Ryan and Bruno, [69] | 14 | 2 (UL, LL) | Frontal, sagittal, and transverse angles between segments | 6-camera VICON T-series system at 100 Hz, NEXUS, VISUAL 3D | 17 | Walking trials, alternately raise the leg to a height of 20 cm while keeping the knee extended |
Saad et al., [70] | 18 | 6 (C2-T1, T1-4, T4-6, T6-8, T8-10, T10-12) | Sagittal and coronal plane angles between segments | 10-camera Motion Analysis Corporation system, MATLAB | 10 | Sit to stand, stand to flexion motions |
Schinkel-ivy and Drake, [72] | 5 marker triads | 5 (C7-T3, T3-T6, T6-T9, T9-T12, T12-L5) | Frontal, sagittal, and transverse angles between segments | VICON MX system, VISUAL 3D, MATLAB | 30 | Max flexion, max lateral bending, max twist, slumped standing, thoracic flexion, thoracic lateral bend, thoracic twist |
Schmid et al., [46] | 56 | 3 (Cervical, thoracic, lumbar) | Thoracic and Lumbar curvature | 12-camera MXT20 VICON system at 200-300 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB | 10 | Walking trials |
Seay et al., [74] | 35 | 2 (Thoraco-lumbar, Lumbo-Sacral) | Frontal, sagittal, and transverse angles between segments, segment moments | 8-camera MC240 QUALISYS System at 240 Hz, QTM, Visual 3D | 10 | Running at a speed of 3.83 m/s |
Seerden et al., [75] | 45 | 6 (UT, Middle Thoracic, Thoracolumbar, UL, LL, lumbosacral) | ROM in the sagittal plane | 10-camera VICON MX system at 100 Hz, NEXUS, MATLAB | 18 | Return from forward flexion, box lifting |
Severijns et al., [38] | 47 + 6 marker triads | 2 (Thoracic, Lumbar) | Spine curvatures, SVA | 10-camera VICON system | 41 | Sit-To-Stand |
Sung et al., [79] | 34 | 3 (Lumbar, LT, UT) | Spine rotation | EvaRT: Motion analysis corporation, MATLAB | 44 | Lateral Bending to dominant and non-dominant sides while holding a bar overhead |
Sung et al., [80] | 44 | 3 (Lumbar, LT, UT) | Spine Rotation | 6-camera Motion analysis corporation, CORYEX software | 32 | Trunk rotation from left to right while holding a bar |
Swain et al., [81] | 17 | 4 (LL, UL, LT, UT) | ROM in frontal and transverse planes | 9-camera MX13 + VICON, NEXUS, VISUAL 3D | 60 | Max trunk rotation, max side bend |
Tojima et al., [82] | 8 | 2 (Pelvis, Lumbar) | ROM in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes | 7-camera VICON, MATLAB | 7 | Max flexion/extension, Max lateral bending, axial rotation |
Wilk et al., [83] | 2 marker triads | 2 (lumbar, Thoracic) | ROM in the sagittal and coronal planes | 8-camera VICON system at 120 Hz | 91 | Forward, Backward, and lateral bending |
Zwambag et al., [84] | 21 | 2 (thoracic, lumbar) | Frontal, sagittal, and transverse angles between segments | Optitrack motion analysis system | 4 | Full forward flexion, lateral bending, axial rotation to reach a virtual target |