Table 3 Results of linear mixed model investigating the relationship between relative muscle volume (mm3) and group (pain vs. asymptomatic), accounting for side (left or right), muscle, spinal level (C3-T1), sex, age, body mass index (BMI).
Variable | Reference categorya | Estimate (95% CI) | Std Error | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Asymptomatic | 16.74 (-31.50 to 64.98) | 24.27 | 0.492 |
Side (left) | Right | -8.96 (-14.47 to -3.46) | 2.81 | 0.001 |
Muscle (levator scapulae) | SCMc | -106.57 (-121.24 to -91.90) | 7.48 | < 0.001 |
Muscle (multifidus)b | SCM | 53.10 (37.79 to 68.41) | 7.81 | < 0.001 |
Muscle (semispinalis capitis) | SCM | -445.83 (-460.49 to -431.16) | 7.48 | < 0.001 |
Muscle (splenius capitis)b | SCM | -297.69 (-312.37 to -283.02) | 7.49 | < 0.001 |
Muscle (longus colli) | SCM | -737.18 (-751.86 to -722.49) | 7.49 | < 0.001 |
Spinal level (C4) | C3 | 24.91 (15.22 to 34.61) | 4.95 | < 0.001 |
Spinal level (C5) | C3 | 51.16 (41.37 to 60.96) | 5.00 | < 0.001 |
Spinal level (C6) | C3 | 61.42 (51.68 to 71.17) | 4.97 | < 0.001 |
Spinal level (C7) | C3 | -9.02 (-18.64 to 0.60) | 4.91 | 0.066 |
Spinal level (T1) | C3 | -223.62 (-233.02 to -214.23) | 4.79 | < 0.001 |
Sex (Female) | Male | -262.85 (-311.96 to -213.75) | 24.65 | < 0.001 |
Age | – | -2.70 (-5.10 to -0.29) | 1.21 | 0.028 |
BMI | – | 3.88 (-1.60 to 9.36) | 2.75 | 0.162 |
Muscle (levator scapulae)*group(pain) | SCM/asymptomatic | -57.00 (-76.14 to -37.86) | 9.77 | < 0.001 |
Muscle (multifidus)*group(pain) | SCM/asymptomatic | 0.66 (-19.25 to 20.58) | 10.16 | 0.948 |
Muscle (semispinalis capitis)*group(pain) | SCM/asymptomatic | 10.91 (-8.24 to 30.05) | 9.77 | 0.264 |
Muscle (splenius capitis)*group(pain) | SCM/asymptomatic | -46.92 (-66.07 to -27.77) | 9.77 | < 0.001 |
Muscle (longus colli)*group(pain) | SCM/asymptomatic | 3.30 (-15.86 to 22.47) | 9.78 | 0.735 |