Table 3 Univariate analysis of risk factors for neck pain in female students (n = 1228)
Without neck pain n = 683, n (%) | With neck pain n = 545, n (%) | p value | cOR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | |||||
Age groups | 0.817 | ||||
17-19 years | 403 (59.0) | 318 (58.3) | Ref. | ||
20-23 years | 280 (41.0) | 227 (41.7) | 1.03 (0.82-1.29) | 0.817 | |
BMI | 0.368 | ||||
Underweight | 147 (21.5) | 100 (18.3) | 0.83 (0.62-1.10) | 0.190 | |
Normal | 478 (70.0) | 394 (72.3) | Ref. | ||
Overweight/Obese | 58 (8.5) | 51 (9.4) | 1.07 (0.72-1.59) | 0.751 | |
Year of study | 0.848 | ||||
First year | 257 (37.6) | 198 (36.3) | Ref. | ||
Second year | 204 (29.9) | 162 (29.7) | 1.03 (0.78-1.36) | 0.830 | |
Third year | 222 (32.5) | 222 (33.9) | 1.08 (0.83-1.42) | 0.568 | |
Behavior-related factors | |||||
Smoking status | 0.843 | ||||
Never | 675 (98.8) | 543 (98.9) | Ref. | ||
Ex-smoker | 4 (0.6) | 4 (0.7) | 1.25 (0.31-5.03) | 0.751 | |
Current smoker | 4 (0.6) | 2 (0.4) | 0.59 (0.11-3.43) | 0.588 | |
Computer usage | 0.231 | ||||
<2 h/day | 424 (62.1) | 320 (58.7) | Ref. | ||
≥ 2 h/day | 259 (37.9) | 225 (41.3) | 1.15 (0.91-1.45) | 0.231 | |
Smartphone usage | |||||
<6 h/day | 150 (22.0) | 68 (18.3) | Ref. | ||
≥ 6 h/day | 533 (78.0) | 186 (81.7) | 1.25 (0.94-1.66) | 0.119 | |
Self-study time | 0.008 | ||||
<6 h/day | 456 (66.8) | 322 (59.1) | Ref. | ||
≥ 6 h/day | 227 (33.2) | 223 (40.9) | 1.39 (1.10-1.76) | 0.006 | |
Sitting habitual neck posture | <0.001 | ||||
Upright | 52 (7.6) | 23 (4.2) | Ref. | ||
Slightly flexed (10-20 degrees) | 388 (56.8) | 266 (48.8) | 1.55 (0.93-2.59) | 0.095 | |
Sharp flexed (>20 degrees) | 243 (35.6) | 256 (47.0) | 2.38 (1.41-4.01) | 0.001 | |
Static duration posture | 0.003 | ||||
<1 h | 201 (29.4) | 133 (24.4) | Ref. | ||
1-2 h | 335 (49.0) | 249 (45.7) | 1.12 (0.85-1.48) | 0.405 | |
>2 h | 147 (21.5) | 163 (29.9) | 1.68 (1.23-2.29) | 0.001 | |
Leisure time physical activity | 0.555 | ||||
Occasionally | 533 (78.0) | 412 (75.6) | Ref. | ||
Regularly, 1-2 times/week | 89 (13.0) | 82 (15.0) | 1.19 (0.86-1.65) | 0.292 | |
Regularly, ≥3 times/week | 61 (8.9) | 51 (9.4) | 1.08 (0.73-1.60) | 0.696 | |
Psychological factor | |||||
Psychological distress | <0.001 | ||||
Low (1-15) | 133 (19.5) | 61 (11.2) | Ref. | ||
Moderate (16-21) | 235 (34.4) | 137 (25.1) | 1.27 (0.88-1.83) | 0.203 | |
High (22-29) | 207 (30.3) | 208 (38.2) | 2.19 (1.53-3.14) | <0.001 | |
Very high (30-50) | 109 (15.8) | 139 (25.5) | 2.81 (1.89-4.16) | <0.001 | |