Table 2 Univariate analysis of risk factors for neck pain in male students (n = 693)
Without neck pain n = 439, n (%) | With neck pain n = 254, n (%) | p value | cOR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | |||||
Age groups | 0.078 | ||||
17-19 years | 255 (58.1) | 130 (51.2) | Ref. | ||
20-23 years | 184 (41.9) | 124 (48.8) | 1.32 (0.97-1.80) | 0.078 | |
BMI | 0.929 | ||||
Underweight | 56 (12.8) | 30 (11.8) | 0.92 (0.57-1.49) | 0.740 | |
Normal | 289 (65.8) | 168 (66.1) | Ref. | ||
Overweight/Obese | 94 (21.4) | 56 (22.0) | |||
Year of study | 0.853 | ||||
First year | 166 (37.8) | 92(36.2) | Ref. | ||
Second year | 150 (34.2) | 86(33.9) | 1.03 (0.72-1.49) | 0.857 | |
Third year | 123 (28.0) | 76(29.9) | 1.12 (0.76-1.64) | 0.578 | |
Behavior-related factors | |||||
Smoking status | 0.725 | ||||
Never | 413 (94.1) | 237 (93.3) | Ref. | ||
Ex-smoker | 12 (2.7) | 6 (2.4) | 0.87 (0.32-2.35) | 0.786 | |
Current smoker | 14 (3.2) | 11 (4.3) | 1.37 (0.61-3.07) | 0.445 | |
Computer usage | 0.934 | ||||
<2 h/day | 195 (44.4) | 112 (44.1) | Ref | ||
≥ 2 h/day | 244 (55.6) | 142 (55.9) | 1.01 (0.74-1.38) | 0.934 | |
Smartphone usage | 0.975 | ||||
<6 h/day | 118 (26.9) | 68 (26.8) | Ref. | ||
≥ 6 h/day | 321 (73.1) | 186 (73.2) | 1.01 (0.71-1.43) | 0.975 | |
Self-study time | 0.022 | ||||
<6 h/day | 315 (71.8) | 161 (63.4) | Ref. | ||
≥ 6 h/day | 124 (28.2) | 93 (36.3) | 1.47 (1.06-2.04) | 0.022 | |
Sitting habitual neck posture | 0.334 | ||||
Upright | 58 (13.2) | 24 (9.4) | Ref. | ||
Slightly flexed (10-20 degrees) | 260 (59.2) | 156 (61.4) | 1.45 (0.87-2.43) | 0.158 | |
Sharp flexed (>20 degrees) | 121(27.6) | 74 (29.1) | 1.48 (0.85-2.58) | 0.169 | |
Static duration posture | 0.486 | ||||
<1 h | 149 (33.9) | 75 (29.5) | Ref. | ||
1-2 h | 186 (42.4) | 114 (44.9) | 1.22 (0.85-1.75) | 0.287 | |
>2 h | 104 (23.7) | 65 (25.6) | 1.24 (0.82-1.88) | ||
Leisure time physical activity | 0.030 | ||||
Occasionally | 200 (45.6) | 122 (48.0) | Ref. | ||
Regularly, 1-2 times/week | 83 (18.9) | 64 (25.2) | 1.26 (0.85-1.88) | 0.246 | |
Regularly, ≥3 times/week | 156 (35.5) | 68 (26.8) | 0.72 (0.50-1.03) | 0.070 | |
Psychological factor | |||||
Psychological distress | <0.001 | ||||
Low (1-15) | 130 (29.6) | 37 (14.6) | Ref. | ||
Moderate (16-21) | 133 (30.3) | 79 (31.1) | 2.09 (1.32-3.30) | 0.002 | |
High (22-29) | 116 (26.4) | 83 (32.7) | 2.51 (1.59-3.99) | <0.001 | |
Very high (30-50) | 60 (13.7) | 55 (21.7) | 3.22 (1.92-5.40) | <0.001 | |