Table 2 Descriptive statistics on all measures at baseline, at 12 months, and change between baseline and 12 months
Baseline | 12 months | Change at 12 months | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No dizzinessa | Dizzinessa | Between group difference | No dizzinessa | Dizzinessa | Between group difference | No dizzinessa | Dizzinessa | Between group difference | |||||
Type of measures | Variables | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-value | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-value | n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | p-value | Effect size |
Age | 39.2 (10.9) | 42.5 (11.5) | .072 | ||||||||||
Dizziness/ unsteadiness | VAS dizziness at rest (0–100 mm) | 2.4 (5.5) | 17.9 (22.5) | <.001 | 11.6 (16.9) | 108 | 6.4 (21.9) | ||||||
VAS dizziness during activity (0–100 mm) | 10.0 (18.5) | 29.4 (27.3) | <.001 | 26.4 (24.4) | 107 | 2.4 (27.2) | |||||||
VAS disturbed balance (0–100 mm) | 7.1 (13.3) | 23.6 (25.1) | <.001 | 24.7 (26.3) | 106 | −1.6 (25.3) | |||||||
Sensorimotor physical | Sharpened Romberg (seconds) | 16.3 (10.2) | 12.3 (9.6) | .010 | 19.8 (10.0) | 15.0 (10.7) | .005 | 59 | 3.8 (8.9) | 105 | 2.6 (9.4) | .433 | |
Figure of eight (no. of steps) | 2.8 (4.0) | 3.9 (4.9) | .147 | 1.1 (1.9) | 1.5 (2.7) | .361 | 57 | 1.7 (3.3) | 99 | 2.3 (3.4) | .313 | ||
HRA mean left + right (mm) | 5.7 (4.1) | 7.5 (6.5) | .023 | 4.4 (4.0) | 4.9 (5.2) | .533 | 57 | 1.2 (5.3) | 103 | 2.7 (7.0) | .164 | ||
Pain and disability | VAS neck pain, now (0–100 mm) | 33.8 (24.3) | 45.8 (24.4) | .002 | 17.6 (23.6) | 38.1 (26.3) | <.001 | 62 | 16.6 (27.2) | 108 | 8.1 (22.8) | .031 | .348 |
Neck Disability Index (0–100%) | 25.6 (10.8) | 36.1 (13.0) | <.001 | 17.5 (13.7) | 34.4 (16.8) | <.001 | 61 | 8.9 (13.1) | 107 | 2.1 (13.3) | .001 | .518 | |
Pain Disability Index (0–70) | 14.3 (10.8) | 23.6 (13.9) | <.001 | 8.7 (8.8) | 22.1 (15.9) | <.001 | 62 | 5.8 (11.8) | 108 | 1.7 (12.9) | .040 | .330 | |
Psychological | Pain Catastrophizing Scale (0–52) | 16.0 (9.2) | 18.5 (11.2) | .147 | 10.6 (9.4) | 16.4 (12.4) | .002 | 60 | 4.7 (8.1) | 106 | 2.0 (9.7) | .067 | |
HAD Anxiety (0–21) | 5.5 (3.5) | 7.0 (4.4) | .023 | 4.4 (3.4) | 6.5 (4.6) | .001 | 60 | 1.1 (3.2) | 107 | .5 (3.4) | .302 | ||
HAD Depression (0–21) | 2.9 (3.1) | 5.7 (4.4) | <.001 | 2.6 (2.9) | 5.7 (4.6) | <.001 | 59 | .3 (2.3) | 107 | .0 (3.8) | .599 | ||
Self-Efficacy Scale (0–200) | 166.5 (31.4) | 143.0 (34.5) | <.001 | 172.4 (30.3) | 145.2 (42.3) | <.001 | 58 | 7.5 (30.9) | 106 | 2.8 (33.8) | .375 | ||
Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (11–44) | 20.3 (5.2) | 22.8 (6.1) | .007 | 17.4 (5.2) | 21.4 (7.1) | <.001 | 59 | 2.6 (4.6) | 106 | 1.4 (6.1) | .196 | ||
Musculoskeletal physical | NME, flexion (seconds) | 43.0 (43.3) | 33.3 (48.0) | .190 | 57.0 (50.6) | 34.9 (36.4) | .005 | 56 | 17.2 (41.7) | 103 | .7 (36.2) | .010 | .433 |
NME, extension (seconds) | 129.4 (143.0) | 78.7 (110.7) | .018 | 195.7 (198.3) | 119.9 (235.7) | .045 | 54 | 84.7 (186.0) | 100 | 39.3 (202.8) | .174 | ||
ROM, flexion (degrees) | 49.0 (15.4) | 41.7 (14.3) | .002 | 52.8 (14.3) | 46.7 (13.6) | .007 | 59 | 3.4 (13.7) | 106 | 4.9 (12.3) | .478 | ||
ROM, extension (degrees) | 57.1 (15.5) | 50.4 (17.0) | .011 | 58.8 (15.1) | 50.8 (18.3) | .003 | 59 | 2.1 (12.0) | 106 | .4 (13.1) | .420 | ||
ROM, flexion + extension (degrees) | 106.0 (23.0) | 92.1 (26.2) | .001 | 111.6 (23.9) | 97.4 (28.2) | .001 | 59 | 5.5 (18.1) | 106 | 5.3 (20.6) | .953 | ||
ROM, lateral flexion right + left (degrees) | 69.8 (15.4) | 63.5 (18.1) | .020 | 72.3 (16.2) | 64.4 (18.5) | .007 | 59 | 2.3 (7.2) | 106 | 1.0 (9.0) | .346 | ||
ROM, rotation right + left (degrees) | 114.6 (22.3) | 108.4 (28.9) | .115 | 124.9 (21.8) | 111.2 (27.5) | .001 | 59 | 10.7 (16.6) | 106 | 3.1 (22.5) | .014 | .403 | |
Quality of life | EQ-5D Index (−.594–1.000) | .698 (.180) | .581 (.273) | .001 | .767 (.211) | .611 (.285) | <.001 | 60 | .067 (.226) | 105 | .027 (.267) | .335 | |
EQ-VAS (0–100 mm) | 70.3 (14.6) | 58.9 (18.4) | <.001 | 77.2 (16.7) | 62.9 (21.4) | <.001 | 60 | 7.2 (16.8) | 106 | 3.9 (23.8) | .310 | ||